AP Environmental Science Unit 3 Test

Populations in which the probability of dying is constant at every age exemplify ________.

a. type II survivorship

Which of the following scenarios best describes a density-dependent factor limiting population growth?

A particularly dry summer shrinks and dries up many ponds in central Canada, causing increased aggression and competition for limited nest sites among female common goldeneyes (ducks).

Which of the following would best represent a clumped population distribution pattern?

a pod of 40 migrating gray whales in the Bering Sea

Unregulated populations tend to increase by ________.

exponential growth

What characteristics do humans share with r-selected species?

Which of the following best illustrates a type I survivorship curve, with higher death rates at older ages?

large mammals such as gorillas

High population density can ________.

increase the incidence of disease transmission

Population distribution describes ________.

the spatial arrangement of individuals of a single species within a particular area or ecosystem

Groups of organisms with low biotic potential, such as gray whales, ________.

are K-selected

The carrying capacity is the ________.

maximum sustainable population that a given environment can support

When a population approaches its carrying capacity, its resources ________.

become more scarce as population growth rate decreases

Which of the following pairs lists an r-selected organism followed by a K-selected organism?

grasshopper; whale

1. Region hit hardest by the HIV/AIDS epidemic

2. Second most populous nation on Earth

3. Author of The Population Bomb Paul R. Ehrlich

4. TFR is 2.1 in this region

5. This country is now relaxing its one-child policy

6. Published An Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798

1.Africa

2.India

3.Paul R. Ehrlich

4.Latin America and the Caribbean

5.China

6.Thomas Malthus

Which of the following can be inferred from the figure?

According to the IPAT model, which of the following would most likely reduce the environmental impact of a society?

greater use of birth control by most members of a society

The annual global growth rate of the human population peaked at 2.1% in the ________ and has been declining ever since.

1960s

The Cornucopian view held by many economists suggests that resource depletion due to greater numbers of people ________.

poses no problem if new resources can be found to replace depleted ones

In the demographic transition model, a country's highest population growth rate is likely to occur during ________.

All of the following are among the world's top five most populous nations EXCEPT ________.

Japan

________ is the world's most populous nation, home to ________ of the people living on Earth.

China; one-fifth

Helmut Haberl and colleagues have compiled data on ________ as a measure of how human population growth impacts Earth's natural resources and ecosystem services.

human use of Earth's net primary productivity (NPP)

The figure depicts age structure diagrams for 1970 and 2014. All of the following can be directly inferred from the data shown in the figure EXCEPT ________.

The age structure diagram of Canada suggests that its total fertility rate (TFR) is ________.

less than replacement rate

According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish ________.

increases environmental impact

Which of the following factors drives TFR down?

social and economic security

Most of the world population growth in the near future will be in ________.

developing countries

The "sensitivity factor" in the model used to represent human environmental impact denotes ________.

the sensitivity of an environment to human pressures

At what stage is the U.S. in the demographic transition model?

A population that is NOT growing will have a TFR of ________.

2.1 or lower

If there is ________, a country's population growth rate will increase.

increased immigration

Declining population growth rates in developing countries can be partially attributed to ________.

the education of women

The nations with the highest rate of contraceptive use (84%) are ________.

China and the United Kingdom

Which statement most accurately describes the population control efforts in China?

A one-child policy enforced through taxation and penalties may have been too successful in controlling population growth.This

Which area on the map has the highest infant mortality rate?

Africa

The transitional stage in the demographic transition model is initiated by ________.

Industrialization

Which area on the map is experiencing the highest population growth rate?

Africa

Which area on the map is experiencing a negative population growth rate?

North Eastern Europe

Zero population growth occurs in a population when ________.

birth rate equals death rate, and there is no migration

In 2016, the population of the United States was approximately 325 million people, with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.7%. If the population of the U.S. were to continue to grow at this rate, the population of the U.S. would double around the year ________.

2116

Which area on the map has the highest population density?

Asia

The richest one-fifth of the world's population possesses approximately ________ times the income of the poorest one-fifth, and the richest one-fifth uses over 86% of the world's resources.

80

Which of the following best describes human population growth from early times to the present day?

slow, uneven growth until the 1800s, then rapid growth

According to the figure, Nigeria has a ________ population size than Canada, with a ________ median age and a ________ proportion of the population at post-reproductive age.

larger; lower; smaller

In 2016, the population of the United States was approximately 325 million people, with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.7%. If the population of the U.S. were to continue to grow at this rate, what would be the approximate population size of the U.S. in the year 2216?

1.3 billion

The world population growth rate is currently approximately ________%.

1.2

What is the population in Canada likely to experience soon?

more senior citizens

Demographically speaking, the effects of AIDS are most significant because ________.

AIDS sickens and kills the youngest and most productive members of society

The current global human population is approximately ________.

a. 1.5 million

7.3 billion

If a population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be close to ________%.

1.4

The United Nations currently predicts that Earth will be home to almost ________ billion people by the year 2050.

10

Which of the following can you determine from the figure provided?

The population in Nigeria is growing more rapidly than Canada.

The term demographic transition refers to ________.

the decline in death rates and subsequent decline in birth rates that occur as a country economically develops

A graph of world population growth over the past 500 years most closely resembled the letter ________.

J

Recent research suggests that ________ has/have contributed to the large drop in fertility rates in Brazil over the past several decades.

soap operas

The y-axis to the right represents ___________.

the level of resources available per capita

What does the orange graph line represent?

logistic growth

Which of the following statements are true of logistic growth?

1.As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly.

2.When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing.

Which of the following statements are true of a population at carrying capacity?

1.The rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied.

2.The birth rate equals the death rate.

3.The population growth rate equals zero.

As a population approaches carrying capacity, environmental resistance __________.

increases

Which of the following factors does not contribute to environmental resistance?

birth rate

A female darkling beetle laid her eggs in a sack of corn meal. The corn meal was an excellent source of food for the beetle larvae (mealworms), and the beetle population quickly increased. After four months, the beetles had eaten all of the corn meal, and the adult beetles flew away to find new food sources. Which graph best represents the growth of the beetle population in the sack of corn meal?

Graph C

Scientists grew a population of yeast cells in a flask to which they provided a constant supply of nutrients. As the population of yeast cells increased, competition for the nutrients also increased. This caused the population to grow more slowly, until the rate at which the yeast cells used the nutrients was equal to rate at which the nutrients were supplied to the flask.

Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of these yeast population?

Graph A

A pair of coyotes colonized a large island where rodents (their prey) were abundant. At first the number of coyotes increased. But as the coyote population increased, competition for prey also increased and the coyote population grew more slowly. In some years, weather conditions killed many of the rodents, causing some coyotes to starve. In other years, weather conditions were favorable for the rodent poulation, allowing the coyotes to thrive, reproduce, and raise many pups.

Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of this coyote population?

Graph B

Which of these species typically has a mortality rate that remains fairly constant over an individual's life span?

Robin

Oyster populations are primarily, if not exclusively, composed of _____.

adults

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of oysters?

grasses

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of humans?

elephants

Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape?

Pyramid

Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape?

Inverted Pyramid

Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape?

a rectangle tapering toward the top

Why aren't more couples using birth control in Zambia? Birth control in Zambia __________.

requires travel that many families cannot afford.

The number of children in a family in Zambia has largely been determined by __________.

the father

To limit the growth of the Zambian population, humanitarian aid agencies and organizations such as UNICEF are focusing on __________.

educating and empowering women

What is the relationship between family income and family size? In general, as family income levels __________.

rise, families have fewer children

Which of the following is currently contributing to low birth rates across much of Europe?

high unemployment

Birthrate is which of the following?

Number of births per woman.

Why is Denmark so concerned with its low birth rates?

Because after more than 40 years of low birth rates, they are starting to see the effects.

Which of the following do most experts believe will be the result of low birth rates in Europe?

It is unknown.

Which of the following countries is closest to replacement fertility rate?

Iceland at 2.08

Look closely at the scale on the y-axis. What number would be represented by the point midway between the tick mark labeled 10 and the tick mark labeled 100?

approximately 32

In a population of 1,000 elephants, how many individuals would survive for 50% of the species' maximum life span?

about 100

According to the graph, which modern animal has a relatively constant mortality rate throughout its life span?

starling

At 50% of maximum life span, how does the survivorship of Albertosaurus compare to the survivorship of the crocodile?

The survivorship of Albertosaurus is about 100 times greater than that of the crocodile.

Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph?

The maximum life span of Albertosaurus was about 100 years.

cannot be determined from this graph

Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph?

The mortality rate of young Albertosaurus dinosaurs aged between 25% and 50% of their maximum life span was far greater than the mortality rate of dinosaurs that reached 75% of their maximum life span.

not supported

According to the graph with the linear scale, the population reached 8 billion individuals after approximately _____ generations.

900

According to the graph with the logarithmic scale, after 200 generations the population had

1000 individuals

Comparing the graphs with the linear and logarithmic scales at 400 generations shows that:

Although you cannot read the exact value from the linear-scale graph, the population size is the same, just shown with different scales.

Suppose that the initial population was 10, but the growth rate was 5% (instead of 2.3%). How would the linear-scale graph differ?

The linear graph would show rapid population growth beginning at an earlier generation.

Suppose that the initial population was 10, but the growth rate was 5% (instead of 2.3%). How would the logarithmic-scale graph differ?

The logarithmic graph line would have a greater slope than the graph shown.

Which statement is true about the pros and cons of representing data on the two graph scales?

The linear-scale graph clarifies the timing of rapid population growth while the logarithmic-scale graph simplifies identifying actual population sizes as a population goes from quite small to quite large.

The 2014 age-structure pyramid for Niger indicates that the population of Niger ________.

was increasing

In the Netherlands in 2014, which age classes contained the largest number of people?

adults between 45 and 54

In the Netherlands in 2014, people between the ages of 45 and 54 made up the largest percentage of the population. What factor is most likely to have caused this bulge in the age pyramid?

a surge in the birth rate after World War II ended in 1945

Assuming that current trends continue, predict how the age structure of the Netherlands in 2034 will likely differ from that in 2014.

The proportion of the population made up of older adults (65+) will increase.

Based on a comparison of the age-structure pyramids, which of the following would likely be a higher priority in the Netherlands than in Niger?

providing long-term care for the elderly

Which stage in the graph shows the greatest overall decline in death rate?

stage 2

What factor would contribute to a sharp decline in death rate, such as the one shown in Stage 2?

improved sanitation

Which stage represents the fertility transition--a period of declining fertility rates related to economic and social change?

stage 3

In which stage or stages is the size of the population relatively stable?

Stages 1 and 4