Quiz #11

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Alfred Thayer Mahan

• Author of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

• Argued that control of the sea leads to world dominance

• Advocated for mercantile imperialism, which includes:

- Building up foreign markets

- Expanding merchant marines

- Increasing navy to protect them

- Gaining bases for navy to use

• Wanted the construction of a canal to link the oceans with bases on both sides

Venezuelan Border Dispute

• British Guiana and Venezuela were arguing over the border and we decided to get involved.The British eventually allowed the United States to act as a mediator under the power of the Monroe Doctrine.

• Internationally the incident marked the United States as a world power and gave notice that under the Monroe Doctrine it would exercise its claimed prerogatives in the Western Hemisphere. gave Britain almost 90% of the disputed territory.

Hawaii Annexation

• The Treaty of Paris gave the United States territories from Puerto Rico to the Philippines

• American planters in Hawaii wanted the islands to be annexed by the US to avoid paying duty

• A joint resolution of annexation was approved by McKinley on July 7, 1898

• Hawaii was granted full territorial status in 1900 and its residents were granted US citizenship

• Americans wanted Hawaii for business purposes, particularly duty-free sugar sales

• Imperialists hoped that the Pacific claims would facilitate a lucrative American-Chinese trade

Yellow Journalism

• a style of newspaper reporting in the late 19th century.

• It emphasized sensationalism over facts and used lurid features and sensationalized news.

• it helped push the United States and Spain into war in Cuba and the Philippines.

• The war ultimately led to the acquisition of overseas territory by the United States.

• Its was to attract readers and increase circulation of newspapers.

Joseph Pulitzer

• was a US newspaper publisher, born in Hungary.

• He established the Pulitzer prizes.

• He used yellow journalism to compete with Hearst and sell more newspapers.

• He also became a leading national figure of the Democratic Party.

William Randolph Hearst

• Yellow Journalist

• Adopted sensationalist style

• Reporting partly responsible for igniting Spanish-American War

Jingoism

• extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy

The Maine

• U.S. battleship exploded and sank in Havana Harbor in 1898.

• 260 Americans died in the incident.

• Initially, Spain was blamed for the explosion and the U.S. wanted to fight them.

• Later, it was concluded that it was an internal explosion caused by a fire in the coal bunker.

• The sinking of the this ship provided an excuse for those eager for war with Spain.

“Splendid Little War”

• Another name given by John Hay to the Spanish-American War

• The war between the United States and Spain was short.

• Battle casualties were low on both sides.

Rough Riders

• American volunteers fought at San Juan Hill in Cuba

• The group comprised of cowboys, ex-convicts, and rugged men

• Theodore Roosevelt organized the group, while Colonel Leonard Wood led it.

Treaty of Paris 1898

• ended Spanish American War

Platt Amendment

• was a treaty between the U.S. and Cuba approved on May 22, 1903.

• It attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention.

• The treaty allowed extensive U.S. involvement in Cuban international and domestic affairs to enforce Cuban independence.

• Under this treaty Cuba couldn't:

-sign treaties that gave away land

-go into debt

-refuse U.S. intervention to restore order.

• Cuba was also required to sell or lease coaling and naval stations, including Guantanamo Bay.

Emilio Aguinaldo

• Filipino leader and politician

• Fought against Spain for Philippine independence

• Fought against the United States for Philippine independence

Anti-Imperialist League

• Organization established on June 15, 1898

• Aimed to battle American annexation of the Philippines

• Believed annexation violated the consent of the governed

• Considered imperialism immoral

Open Door Policy

• was proposed in 1899

• Ensured equal trading opportunities for all nations in China

• Protected trading rights with China

John Hay

• The American Secretary of State tried to preserve Chinese independence and protect US interests in China.

• He urged great powers to respect certain Chinese rights and fair competition.

• The aim was to protect US trade interests.

Boxer Rebellion

• It was a popular peasant uprising in China that blamed foreign people and institutions for the loss of the traditional Chinese way of life.

• The main causes of the rebellion were the presence of Western religions, mostly Christianity, within China and the economic relationships between China and other nations, especially Western nations.

• The rebellion ended in September 1901 with the signing of the Boxer Protocol.

• The protocol allowed foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing and led to the destruction of several fortifications.

• China was also forced to pay a huge indemnity to the nations involved in the conflict.

Big Stick Policy

• Roosevelt's diplomatic policy

• it symbolizes power and readiness to use military force

• Intimidates countries without actual harm

• Basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy

Roosevelt Corollary

• In 1904, Roosevelt extended the Monroe Doctrine.

• The US has the right to protect its economic interests in South and Central America by using military force.

• "Preventive intervention" is the enforcement with "police power".

• In case of financial problems with Latin American nations, the US will intervene and pay off debts.

• The US has a "moral obligation" since it doesn't permit Europe to intervene (Monroe Doctrine).

Great White Fleet

• 16 white ships were sent on a cruise around the world between 1907 and 1909.

• The purpose was to showcase our nation's naval power.

• The goal was also to intimidate other countries.

Panama Canal

• we built the Panama Canal to help trade and make trade routes easier

Dollar Diplomacy

• Loaned money to foreign countries

• In return, made decisions for those countries' governments

• Financial form of imperialism

Moral Diplomacy

• President Wilson proposed foreign policy to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace.

• Support countries with democratic governments and economically injure non-democratic countries.

• Increase the number of democratic nations, particularly in Latin America.

• Promote stable democracies with good economies in third world countries.