Introduction to Clinical Chemistry

What is the most automated section in the laboratory

Clinical chemistry section

• This is a branch of medical science that studies biochemical processes associated with health and disease

• Deals with the measurement of constituents in body fluids to facilitate the diagnosis of disease and to monitorthe effect of tratment

• Correlates analytes

Clinical Chemistry

• Thisis a quantitative science that is concerned with measurement of amounta of biologically important substances/analytes in bodily fluids

• a science, service, industry

Clinical chemistry

What are the three common analytes in the clinical chemistry laboratory

1. Iron salts and minerals

2. Small organic molecules

3. Large molecules

Before 400 BC, physicians in Egypt and Mesopotamia made diagnoses by performing (blank) and (blank)

Ascultation and palpitation

What does ascultation mean

Hearing body sounds

What does palpation mean

Touching the body

Who is the father of medicine

Hippocrates

• Who was responsible for creating urine examination to diagnose diseases

• Checking abnormalities in the urine

• Not an invasive procedure because urine is readily available

Hippocrates

Who in AD 50 described hematuria as RBCs in the urine

Rufus of Ephesus

• In the year 1918 to 1920, he created clinical methods for phosphorus and magnesium

• Various urine analytes determination

• Relationship of NPN to renal function

• He created the folin-ciocalteau reagent for CHONs determination

Otto Folin

• He graduated in the university of gottingen

• He disapproved the vital force theory of Berzelius

• Synthesized urea by heating ammonium cyanate

Friedrich Wohler

• This theory states that organic compounds must also have organic origins or in living organisms

• Organic material should come from organic things lang

Vital force theory

• In the year 1930, they created clinical methods for various enzymes

• Created refractometer and pH meter

Beckmann Company

• During this year, photoelectric colorimeters were discovered

• Vacuum collection tubes were also discovered

• Establishment of CAP and AACC

1940

What does AACC mean

American Association of Clinical Chemistry

What does CAP mean

College of American Pathologists

• In the year 1950, they developed the shewart QC chart

• Created clinical methods for several enzymes which are organ specific

• Created methods for blood triglycerides

Levey and Jennings

During 1950, they discovered the autoanalyzer with flame photometry

Technicon Cooperations

In the year 1960, he introduced AAS

Parkin elmer

In 1960, he introduced the disposable needle and syringe

Becton Dickson

In 1960, they introduced disk storage for computers

IBM

What does AAS mean

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

What does IBM mean

International Business Machines

In 1960, he discovered the first CC random-access analyzer

DuPont

List 6 possible specimens/fluids used in CC tests

Blood, urine, CSF, saliva, synovial fluid, pericardial fluid

What kind of samples do we use in CC

serum only

• This is considered as quality standards for all clinical laboratories to ensure accuracy, reliability, and timeliness of patient results regardless of where the test was performed

• Defines clinical laboratories broadly

CLIA fo 1988

What does CLIA mean

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Ammendments

What are the two levels of regulation under CLIA

1. Waived Tests

2. Nonwaived Tests

• This is a test where you can take it at home

• Simple laboratory examinations and procedures that are cleared by the US FDA for home use

Waived tests

• This is where you cannot take it at home

• Moderately and highly complex tests as defined by the requirementsfor operator skill, reagent prep, and automation and difficulty of interpretation of results

Nonwaived Tests

• They define clinical laboratories broadly

• Regulations include guidelines for operating safety equipment, identifying, handling, storing chemical hazards

OSHA

What does OSHA mean

Occupational Safety and Health Act