Exam 3

What is the primary function of the posterior abdominal wall?

a) Digestion of food

b) Breathing

c) Maintenance of fluid balance

d) Muscle movement

d) Muscle movement

Which fascia lies between the parietal peritoneum and the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall? 

a) Transversalis fascia 

b) Quadratus lumborum fascia 

c) Endoabdominal fascia 

d) Thoracolumbar fascia

c) Endoabdominal fascia 

Which muscle is responsible for flexing the thigh or trunk and is innervated by anterior rami of L1 to L3? 

a) Iliacus 

b) Quadratus lumborum 

c) Psoas major 

d) Transversus abdominis

c) Psoas major 

The abdominal aorta branches into various vessels. Which vessel supplies the kidneys?

a) Celiac trunk 

b) Inferior phrenic artery 

c) Renal artery 

d) Superior mesenteric artery

c) Renal artery 

What is the primary location of the common iliac arteries' bifurcation from the abdominal aorta?

a) Level of T12 

b) Level of L3 

c) Level of L4 

d) Level of T10

c) Level of L4 

Which nerve runs inferolaterally on the anterior surface of the quadratus lumborum muscle and innervates the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall? 

a) Subcostal nerve (T12) 

b) Genitofemoral nerve (L1 - L2) 

c) Iliohypogastric nerve (L1) 

d) Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2 - L3)

a) Subcostal nerve (T12) 

The lumbar plexus contributes to the innervation of various muscles. Which nerve innervates the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh, primarily responsible for hip adduction?

a) Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2 - L3) 

b) Subcostal nerve (T12) 

c) Obturator nerve (L2 - L4) 

d) Iliohypogastric nerve (L1) 

c) Obturator nerve (L2 - L4) 

Which autonomic innervation fibers originate from the anterior rami of spinal nerves S2 to S4 and supply the GI tract inferior to the left colic (splenic) flexure? 

a) Lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1 - L3) 

b) Pelvic splanchnic nerves 

c) Anterior and posterior vagal trunks 

d) Lower thoracic splanchnic nerves (T5 - T10)

b) Pelvic splanchnic nerves 

What is the primary function of the kidneys in the posterior abdominal wall?

a) Filtration of blood 

b) Digestion of food 

c) Maintenance of fluid balance 

d) Hormone secretion 

a) Filtration of blood 

Which fascial layer surrounds the kidneys, adrenals, and perinephric fat?

a) Renal capsule 

b) Endoabdominal fascia 

c) Perinephric fat 

d) Renal fascia

d) Renal fascia

 Which muscle of the posterior abdominal wall is responsible for extending and laterally flexing the vertebral column and is innervated by the subcostal nerve and L1 to L4 nerves?

a) Iliacus 

b) Psoas major 

c) Quadratus lumborum 

d) Transversus abdominis 

c) Quadratus lumborum 

The renal pelvis is a flattened, funnel-shaped expansion of the superior end of the ureter. What does it receive? 

a) Blood supply from the renal arteries 

b) Major and minor calices

c) Urine from the medullary pyramids 

d) Sympathetic innervation from the lumbar plexus

b) Major and minor calices

The sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to the abdominal organs, including the kidneys and ureters, is facilitated through which structure? 

a) Anterior and posterior vagal trunks 

b) Lumbar plexus 

c) Abdominal autonomic plexuses 

d) Iliacus muscle 

c) Abdominal autonomic plexuses 

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the inferior hypogastric plexus?

a) It is responsible for supplying the abdominal wall. 

b) It originates from anterior rami of spinal nerves S2 to S4. 

c) It supplies rectal and vesical plexuses. 

d) It primarily carries sympathetic fibers.

c) It supplies rectal and vesical plexuses. 

What structures separate the suprarenal glands from the kidneys and the diaphragm?

a) Perinephric fat 

b) Endoabdominal fascia 

c) Renal fascia 

d) Thoracolumbar fascia

c) Renal fascia 

What is the location of the abdomen in the trunk? 

A. Between the thorax and pelvis 

B. Between the head and neck 

C. Between the pelvis and lower limbs 

D. Between the chest and abdomen 

A. Between the thorax and pelvis 

Which structure forms the superior boundary of the abdominal cavity? 

A. Inguinal ligament 

B. Diaphragm 

C. Pelvic diaphragm 

D. Abdominal muscles

B. Diaphragm 

Which abdominal region is located between the right and left hypochondriac regions?

A. Epigastric 

B. Umbilical 

C. Right flank 

D. Left inguinal

A. Epigastric 

What is the function of the external oblique muscle? 

A. Flexes the trunk 

B. Supports the viscera 

C. Compresses the abdomen 

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which muscle is the innermost of the flat muscles in the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A. External oblique 

B. Internal oblique 

C. Transversus abdominis 

D. Rectus abdominis

C. Transversus abdominis 

The arcuate line demarcates the transition of the inferior 1/4th from the superior 3/4th of which structure? 

A. Rectus sheath 

B. Linea alba 

C. Transversalis fascia 

D. Dartos fascia 

A. Rectus sheath 

What is the location of the deep inguinal ring?

A. Entrance to the inguinal canal 

B. Exit from the inguinal canal 

C. Lateral to the pubic tubercle 

D. Superior to the umbilicus

A. Entrance to the inguinal canal 

Which muscle draws the testis superiorly in response to cold temperatures?

A. Rectus abdominis 

B. Cremaster 

C. Transversus abdominis 

D. Iliopsoas

B. Cremaster 

Which structure connects the testis to the anterior abdominal wall?

A. Spermatic cord 

B. Inguinal ligament 

C. Spermatic fascia 

D. Cremasteric fascia 

A. Spermatic cord 

Which of the following is an extraperitoneal organ? 

A. Stomach 

B. Liver 

C. Kidney 

D. Spleen

C. Kidney 

What is the primary function of the mesentery? 

A. To connect an organ to the body wall 

B. To provide sensitivity to the abdominal cavity 

C. To conduct blood vessels and nerves 

D. To enclose intraperitoneal organs 

A. To connect an organ to the body wall 

Which ligament connects the liver with the anterior abdominal wall?

A. Falciform ligament 

B. Gastrophrenic ligament 

C. Hepatoduodenal ligament 

D. Gastrosplenic ligament 

A. Falciform ligament 

The omental foramen connects which two? 

A. Greater sac and omental bursa 

B. Parietal and visceral peritoneum

C. Transverse and sigmoid mesocolon 

D. Hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments

A. Greater sac and omental bursa 

Which mesentery covers the transverse colon? 

A. Transverse mesocolon 

B. Gastrosplenic ligament 

C. Omental bursa 

D. Lesser omentum 

A. Transverse mesocolon 

 In which compartment of the abdominal cavity is the ascending and descending colon located?

A. Supracolic compartment 

B. Infracolic compartment 

C. Pelvic cavity 

D. Omental bursa 

B. Infracolic compartment 

The linea alba runs along the length of the anterior abdominal wall separating which structure?

A. Rectus sheath 

B. External oblique muscle 

C. Transversalis fascia 

D. Cremaster muscle

A. Rectus sheath

The external iliac artery gives rise to which artery that runs in the rectus sheath?

A. Posterior epigastric artery 

B. Inferior epigastric artery 

C. Femoral artery 

D. Iliohypogastric artery

B. Inferior epigastric artery

Which nerve supplies the cremaster muscle in males? 

A. Ilioinguinal nerve 

B. Iliohypogastric nerve 

C. Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve 

D. Femoral nerve 

C. Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve 

Which structure connects the stomach to the spleen and forms part of the greater omentum?

A. Gastrophrenic ligament 

B. Hepatoduodenal ligament 

C. Gastrosplenic ligament 

D. Hepatogastric ligament

C. Gastrosplenic ligament 

What is the primary function of the omental bursa (lesser sac)?

A. Storage of abdominal organs

B. Site of digestion

C. Allows free movement of the stomach

D. None of the above

C. Allows free movement of the stomach

The function of the internal oblique muscle includes: 

A. Compressing the abdomen 

B. Flexing the trunk 

C. Supporting the viscera 

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

What is the location of the deep inguinal ring? 

A. Entrance to the inguinal canal 

B. Exit from the inguinal canal 

C. Lateral to the pubic tubercle 

D. Superior to the umbilicus 

A. Entrance to the inguinal canal 

What is the function of the cremaster muscle? 

A. Draws the testis superiorly 

B. Compresses the abdomen 

C. Flexes the trunk 

D. Supports the viscera 

A. Draws the testis superiorly 

Which structure connects the liver with the anterior abdominal wall?

A. Hepatoduodenal ligament 

B. Gastrophrenic ligament 

C. Gastrosplenic ligament 

D. Falciform ligament

D. Falciform ligament

What structure connects the greater sac to the omental bursa?

A. Falciform ligament 

B. Lesser omentum

C. Greater omentum 

D. Omental foramen 

D. Omental foramen 

In which abdominal region is the pubic bone located?

A. Hypochondriac 

B. Epigastric 

C. Umbilical 

D. Pubic 

D. Pubic 

The lateral umbilical folds cover which structure? 

A. Median umbilical fold 

B. Medial umbilical folds 

C. Inferior epigastric vessels 

D. Urachus

C. Inferior epigastric vessels 

Which structure is the entrance to the inguinal canal?

A. Deep inguinal ring 

B. Superficial inguinal ring 

C. Iliopubic tract 

D. Inguinal ligament 

A. Deep inguinal ring 

The subcostal plane passes through which anatomical structure?

A. Inferior border of the 10th costal cartilage 

B. Iliac tubercles 

C. Midpoint of clavicles 

D. Umbilicus

A. Inferior border of the 10th costal cartilage 

Which abdominal region is located between the right and left flanks?

A. Epigastric 

B. Umbilical 

C. Right inguinal 

D. Left inguinal

B. Umbilical 

Which part of the small intestine is characterized by a thick and heavy wall and is located mostly in the LUQ? 

A) Ileum 

B) Transverse colon 

C) Jejunum 

D) Descending colon

C) Jejunum 

What is the primary function of the jejunum in the small intestine? 

A) Storage of feces 

B) Absorption of nutrients 

C) Digestion of carbohydrates 

D) Production of digestive enzymes

B) Absorption of nutrients 

Which part of the small intestine contains more abundant lymphoid nodes known as Peyer's patches? 

A) Ileum 

B) Cecum 

C) Ascending colon 

D) Transverse colon

A) Ileum 

What is the primary function of the small intestine? 

A) Absorption of nutrients 

B) Digestion of proteins 

C) Filtration of blood 

D) Storage of water 

A) Absorption of nutrients 

The mesentery extends from the duodenojejunal junction to the ileocolic junction. What structures are contained within the mesentery? 

A) Kidneys and adrenal glands 

B) Bladder and urethra 

C) Superior mesenteric vessels, lymph nodes, fat, and autonomic nerves 

D) Lungs and heart

C) Superior mesenteric vessels, lymph nodes, fat, and autonomic nerves 

Which arteries supply the jejunum and ileum and form arterial arcades with vasa recta?

A) Ileocolic arteries 

B) Common hepatic artery 

C) Jejunal and ileal arteries

D) Splenic arteries 

C) Jejunal and ileal arteries

What type of lymphatic vessels, located on the intestinal villi, absorb fat from the small intestine? 

A) Lacteals 

B) Thoracic duct 

C) Cisterna chyli 

D) Subclavian vessels

A) Lacteals 

Which part of the large intestine is continuous with the ileum proximally and the ascending colon distally? 

A) Sigmoid colon 

B) Transverse colon 

C) Descending colon 

D) Cecum

D) Cecum

What is the primary function of the large intestine? 

A) Absorption of nutrients 

B) Digestion of carbohydrates 

C) Absorption of water and formation of feces 

D) Storage of bile

C) Absorption of water and formation of feces 

Which structure is located at the entrance of the terminal ileum into the cecum?

A) Ileal orifice 

B) Appendix 

C) Hepatic flexure 

D) Pyloric sphincter

A) Ileal orifice 

The point of turn of the transverse colon down, is known as: 

A) Splenic flexure 

B) Left colic flexure 

C) Hepatic flexure 

D) Duodenal flexure

B) Left colic flexure 

What structure prevents reflux from the cecum into the ileum? 

A) Ileocecal valve 

B) Splenic flexure 

C) Mesentery

D) Cecal appendix

A) Ileocecal valve 

Which part of the colon contracts lengthwise to form pouches called haustra?

A) Cecum 

B) Ascending colon 

C) Teniae coli 

D) Duodenum

C) Teniae coli 

The terminal portion of the large intestine that is continuous with the sigmoid colon is called: '

A) Ascending colon 

B) Transverse colon 

C) Descending colon 

D) Rectum

D) Rectum

What is the primary function of the rectum and anal canal? 

A) Absorption of water 

B) Digestion of proteins 

C) Formation of chyme 

D) Storage of feces 

D) Storage of feces 

Which arteries supply the ascending colon? 

A) Ileocolic and right colic arteries 

B) Superior mesenteric arteries 

C) Sigmoid arteries 

D) Left colic artery 

A) Ileocolic and right colic arteries 

The sigmoid colon extends from the iliac fossa to which vertebral level?

A) L1 

B) L3 

C) S3 

D) T12

C) S3 

Which part of the rectum and anal canal is responsible for voluntary control over defecation?

A) Internal anal sphincter 

B) External anal sphincter 

C) Anal crypts 

D) Anal valves

B) External anal sphincter 

The terminal portion of the small intestine that ends at the ileocecal junction is called:

A) Sigmoid colon 

B) Appendix 

C) Rectum 

D) Ileum

D) Ileum

Which part of the small intestine is characterized by a thin and light wall with abundant fat in the mesentery? 

A) Jejunum 

B) Ileum 

C) Ascending colon 

D) Transverse colon 

B) Ileum 

The blind intestinal diverticulum that arises from the posteromedial aspect of the cecum is known as: 

A) Ileocecal valve 

B) Cecum 

C) Appendix 

D) Jejunum

C) Appendix 

What is the primary function of lacteals in the small intestine? 

A) Absorb fat 

B) Absorb glucose 

C) Absorb water 

D) Secrete digestive enzymes

A) Absorb fat 

What is the primary function of Peyer's patches in the small intestine? 

A) Nutrient absorption 

B) Digestion of fats 

C) Immune defense 

D) Water reabsorption

C) Immune defense 

The superior mesenteric nerve plexus provides innervation to the small intestine. Which division of the autonomic nervous system primarily contributes to this plexus? 

A) Parasympathetic (PSP) 

B) Sympathetic (SP) 

C) Somatic

D) Enteric

A) Parasympathetic (PSP) 

The midgut is primarily supplied by which artery? 

A) Common hepatic artery 

B) Inferior mesenteric artery 

C) Superior mesenteric artery 

D) Splenic artery

C) Superior mesenteric artery 

Which part of the small intestine is continuous superiorly with the duodenum and inferiorly with the ileum? 

A) Jejunum 

B) Ileum 

C) Ascending colon 

D) Transverse colon

A) Jejunum 

What structures form the arterial arcades in the small intestine? 

A) Teniae coli 

B) Ileocecal valves 

C) Jejunal and ileal arteries 

D) Marginal arteries

C) Jejunal and ileal arteries

The left colic artery, which supplies the descending colon, is a branch of which artery?

A) Superior mesenteric artery 

B) Inferior mesenteric artery 

C) Celiac artery 

D) Splenic artery

B) Inferior mesenteric artery 

What is the primary function of the teniae coli in the large intestine? 

A) Nutrient absorption 

B) Digestion of fats 

C) Mixing and propelling feces 

D) Formation of haustra

D) Formation of haustra

What are the small, fatty projections associated with the large intestine known as?

A) Omental appendices 

B) Lacteals 

C) Vasa recta

D) Teniae coli

A) Omental appendices 

The superior mesenteric vein drains the jejunum and ileum, ultimately forming which important vessel? 

A) Renal vein 

B) Superior vena cava 

C) Hepatic portal vein 

D) Inferior vena cava

C) Hepatic portal vein 

The point where the ascending colon turns to the left is known as: 

A) Duodenal flexure 

B) Hepatic flexure 

C) Splenic flexure 

D) Sigmoid flexure

B) Hepatic flexure 

Which part of the small intestine contains more numerous and developed circular folds?

A) Jejunum 

B) Ileum 

C) Ascending colon 

D) Transverse colon

A) Jejunum 

The parasympathetic innervation to the Jejunum and ileum colon. What effect does this innervation have on colon function? 

A) Increases peristalsis and secretion 

B) Reduces peristalsis and secretion, induces vasoconstriction 

C) Increases water absorption 

D) Enhances nutrient absorption

A) Increases peristalsis and secretion 

The terminal part of the large intestine is known as the: 

A) Cecum 

B) Rectum 

C) Sigmoid colon 

D) Ileum

B) Rectum 

The anal canal is under voluntary control by which structure?

A) Internal anal sphincter 

B) External anal sphincter 

C) Anal valves 

D) Anal sinuses

B) External anal sphincter 

The retroperitoneal structure that extends from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal is called:

A) Ileum 

B) Cecum 

C) Sigmoid mesocolon 

D) Rectum

D) Rectum

What is the primary structural division of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract based on lumen diameter? 

A) Foregut 

B) Midgut 

C) Hindgut 

D) Small intestine

D) Small intestine

Which part of the GI tract primarily receives its blood supply from the celiac trunk?

A) Esophagus 

B) Duodenum 

C) Midgut 

D) Hindgut

A) Esophagus 

Which part of the stomach is located at the level of the T11 vertebra? 

A) Cardia 

B) Fundus 

C) Body 

D) Pylorus

A) Cardia 

Which artery primarily supplies the superior part of the duodenum? 

A) Superior mesenteric artery 

B) Inferior mesenteric artery 

C) Celiac trunk 

D) Renal artery

C) Celiac trunk 

Which organ is the largest lymphatic organ and located in the superolateral aspect of the LUQ?

A) Liver 

B) Pancreas 

C) Spleen 

D) Stomach

C) Spleen 

Which part of the pancreas is closely related to the pylorus of the stomach?

A) Head 

B) Neck 

C) Body 

D) Tail

B) Neck 

Which ligament attaches the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm?

A) Coronary ligament 

B) Falciform ligament 

C) Hepatorenal ligament 

D) Ligamentum venosum

A) Coronary ligament

What is the primary function of the gallbladder? 

A) Digestion of fats 

B) Storage and concentration of bile 

C) Secretion of insulin 

D) Production of digestive enzymes

B) Storage and concentration of bile 

Which blood vessel carries the majority of blood to the liver and sustains liver parenchyma?

A) Hepatic portal vein 

B) Hepatic artery 

C) Hepatic vein 

D) Celiac trunk

A) Hepatic portal vein 

Which division of the GI tract is primarily supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery?

A) Small intestine 

B) Esophagus 

C) Hindgut 

D) Stomach

C) Hindgut 

What part of the stomach is located posterior to the left 6th rib in the supine position?

A) Cardia 

B) Fundus 

C) Body 

D) Pylorus

B) Fundus 

Which anatomical structure separates the R. and L. lobes of the liver?

A) Coronary ligament 

B) Falciform ligament 

C) Ligamentum venosum 

D) Porta hepatis

B) Falciform ligament 

What connects the common hepatic duct to the neck of the gallbladder?

A) Cystic artery 

B) Spiral fold 

C) Cystic duct 

D) Cystic vein

C) Cystic duct

Which part of the duodenum is located at the level of the L2 vertebra?

A) Superior duodenum 

B) Descending duodenum 

C) Inferior duodenum 

D) Ascending duodenum

B) Descending duodenum 

What is the primary function of the accessory pancreatic duct?

A) Drain bile from the liver 

B) Drain pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum 

C) Drain accessory pancreatic enzymes 

D) Store pancreatic juices

C) Drain accessory pancreatic enzymes 

The gastro-omental arteries are branches of which main vessel?

A) Splenic artery 

B) Hepatic artery 

C) Superior mesenteric artery 

D) Celiac trunk

A) Splenic artery 

 Which part of the stomach surrounds the cardiac orifice?

A) Cardia 

B) Fundus 

C) Body 

D) Pylorus

A) Cardia 

What is the primary arterial supply to the head and neck of the pancreas?

A) Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery 

B) Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery 

C) Splenic artery 

D) Celiac artery

A) Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery 

B) Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery