ch.10

__________, or knowledge of oneself, begins to grow in infants around the age of 12 months, whereas __________, the set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual, develops in the preschool years.

Self-awareness; self-concept

Early in life, infants begin to develop a __________, defined as knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it influences behavior.

theory of mind

In comparison with their self-concepts in middle childhood, adolescents begin to __________.

differentiate their own views of themselves from others’ views

According to psychologist James Marcia, the status of adolescents who commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives is called __________.

identity foreclosure

Which general outcomes related to social progression did psychologist Ravenna Helson identify in her research investigating women’s social roles?

Both women who chose to focus on family and women who chose to focus on career generally demonstrated positive changes in personality development.

Whereas self-concept reflects beliefs and thoughts about the self, self-esteem is focused more on __________ considerations.

emotional

From the standpoint of intersectionality, which adolescent is statistically likely to have the lowest self-esteem?

Cindy, an Asian American female

What is the primary source of social comparison for adolescents?

peer groups

Nellie wants to do well at softball but keeps missing the ball and striking out. Now she never expects to do well when she comes to bat, and sure enough, she continues to strike out. Nellie is caught in a __________.

cycle of failure

Ernie looks to his peer group as a source of information to evaluate the appropriateness of his own opinions, abilities, behavior, and expertise. Ernie is engaged in __________.

social comparison

According to Eli Ginzberg’s theory of career choice, people begin to weigh job requirements, their own abilities and interests, and their personal values and goals during the __________ period.

tentative

When Doyle was 8 years old, he was sure he wanted to grow up to be a police officer. But just a year later, Doyle told everybody that he wanted to be an astronaut. A few years passed, and when he was around 11 years old, he wanted to be a professional jai alai player. According to Eli Ginzberg, Doyle is in the __________ period of career choice.

fantasy

People who work for tangible rewards, such as money or prestige, are said to have __________ motivation; those who work for their own enjoyment are said to have __________ motivation.

extrinsic; intrinsic

Job satisfaction has been found to be higher when workers have __________.

input into the nature and operation of their jobs

Frustration and disillusionment with one’s job is frequently a symptom of __________, the feeling that one’s efforts are inadequate to solve vast societal problems.

burnout

An infant who fusses and kicks when a parent enters the room to signal being hungry is demonstrating an understanding that parents are __________, self-directed beings who can respond to requests.

compliant agents

Compared to the others, which aspect of a child’s self-concept develops first?

gender identity

Cross-cultural studies of infants document that the timing of the development of self-recognition is strongly influenced by __________.

the cultural environment

The ability to distinguish the views of others from their own views in defining their identities typically begins to develop during __________.

adolescence

According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are in the __________ stage of development.

identity vs. identity confusion

Psychologist James Marcia proposed that adolescent identity can be seen in terms of two characteristics, which are __________.

crisis and commitment

Minority group members who draw on their own culture while integrating themselves into the dominant culture are examples of the __________ model.

bicultural identity

According to psychiatrist George Vaillant, young adults reach a stage called __________, in which they focus on their professional achievements.

career consolidation

During middle childhood, self-esteem becomes more __________.

differentiated

During adolescence, self-concept becomes increasingly accurate. What effect does this have on adolescents’ self-esteem?

It leads to a clearer self-assessment, which may be positive or negative. 

Sixth-grader Broderick, a low-achieving student, compares his school grades with those of less-able students in his class, whereas Enzo, a high achiever, compares his grades with those of his academic peers. Broderick has higher academic self-esteem than Enzo. Broderick’s strategy in this regard is known as __________.

downward social comparison

According to John Holland’s personality type theory, people who are risk-takers and have good leadership skills are described as __________.

enterprising

Which statement about immigrants in the United States is true?

Given time, immigrants contribute more to the economy than they take away.

Compared with younger workers, middle-aged workers are more interested in __________.

the here-and-now qualities of the work situation

Which statement directed toward an older person applying for a job is an example of age discrimination?

“Sorry, but we’re looking for new ideas and high energy in our workforce.”