Industrial Revolution.

Industrial revolution

Change from agrarian based economy to factory/urban industry based upon machine power and mass production.

Key technological developments

Powered by burning coal to generate steam (previously powered by animals/humans/wind/water

Boost in popularity of fuels like gas, diesel, and petrol

Higher need for factories and increase in mines

Key social impacts of revolution

Expansion of middle class

Social groups pressed for change

Major underlying causes of the industrial revolution in Britain

Stable food supply

Capitalism

Coal

How did the stable food supply help industrialization?

stable food supply = excess food to feed city workers + growing population

Boosted by British agricultural innovations

No war on British soil -> political stability

Stable food = population rising

How did Capitalism help industrialization?

Britain had a strong central bank, low interest loans, empire that provided markets for manufactured British goods.

Innovation needed investment

British capitalism culture allowed entrepreneurs to take risks

Lots of capital = lots of investment

How did coal help industrialization?

Britain had an abundance of coal reserves

No fuel limits to fuel industrial innovation

1709: New fuel: coke - byproduct of coal

Coking replaced need for wood and iron

Enclosure

The enclosing of land by hedges or fences in order to divide up large open fields

Crop rotation

The four-way system planting of different crops in a field each year to maintain the soil's fertility. Replaced the three-way rotation and provided more food. Created by 'Turnip' Townshend.

Selective breeding

More meat on livestock

Made animals more efficient

People became obsolete on farms -> go to cities for work

Population increases

1701- 5.3 million

1771- 6.9 million

1801- 9.2 million

1831- 13.9 million

Abraham Darby

1709: used coal instead of charcoal to smelt iron. Produces new coal-fueled furnaces.

Darby's furnaces

Cheaper to fuel and could be much larger than earlier charcoal furnaces. Significant as eventually, all industrial era industries will be fueled by coal

Francis Edgerton, Duke of Bridgewater

connected Worsley to Manchester via canal. Project started 1761 and ended 1776.

Canal Mania

1790-1810

Era of privately funded canal construction schemes

Why were canals so important?

1. Only needed 1 captain, 1 child laborer, and 1 horse to operate it

2. More reliable than roads or rivers (no bandits, tree snags etc)

3. lots of employment to build the canals

4. connected rural areas of Britain with the cities

5. cheap to transport -> cheap goods

6. Allowed trade within Britain to improve

7. Improved coal supply

Benefit of spinning Machines

better spinning machines = more thread + less requirement for skilled workers. Previously, only one thread could be spun at a time.

Spinning Jenny

It can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, later used in Arkwright's combination of the Spinning Jenny and water wheel to create an even more efficient machine in 1769.

Steam development

1781 - James Watt took out his patent for a tweak on his original design of steam powered pumps that allowed rotative motion

Steam power benefits

More efficient than water power

Textile factories can now be built anywhere

Basis for locomotive technology

Wealth of Nations

1776 book by enlightenment thinker Adam Smith. Offered ideologies of nature and causes of wealth for a nation.

Key ideas from the Wealth of Nations

Freedom of self interest = invisible hand will ensure improvement for all of society

Government interference is inefficient

Division of labor is more efficient

How much development was there in the period to 1800?

Limited transport development until 1790s

Few factories- still domestic system

Limited use of steam power

Agricultural improvements

Increased demand for goods

textile industry sees technological changes

increased investment

Impact of mechanised textile production

increased British manufacturing

Manchester becomes textiles hub

Collapse of handloom trade

factors that caused the factory system to expand after 1780

-Watts patent on steam engine ends

-Factory system beneficial to employers

• Factory system shows success in textile industry to other industries

• Improvements in transportation

• Increasing coal supply

• Growing markets

How did the end of Watt's patent help increase the adoption of the factory system?

• Expiry on his patent allowed others to adapt, improve and develop his design.

• Newer engines were more fuel efficient, lighter, and cheaper

• lead to transported goods to be more efficient -> superiority of factory system

Advantages factory system had over domestic system

• could supply the higher demands for goods

• wage laborers could be brought together on a single site

• increase in production and profit

• Quality was easier to control

• no need for highly skilled and trained workers

Turnpikes

Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them

Road development

1750-1770 : increase in road building

1770-1830 : turnpikes continued to increase in quantity but doesn't match the sudden growth from 1750-1770

Why were canals eclipsed by railways?

• 1825, Stockton to Darlington line opened -> cost of coal dropped by >50% in the area

• 1830, George Stephenson's project

social impacts of railways (pg 69-73 textbook)

• cheaper for the public

• time efficient

• Government supports industrialization

Economic impacts of railways

• construction was not cheap

• without the capitol from the middle class, growth of the market would have been unlikely

• cheaper for the public

• stimulated economy

Main 3 raw materials

coal, iron, cotton

Cotton

Imported to Britain from its Indian colonies and South of the USA

Increased slavery in the US (1820-1860) to keep up with the high cotton demand

Iron

• By 1806, 7% of Britain's national income came from exporting iron.

• 1780: Cort's puddling made iron more efficient and cheap

• Steam engine -> demand for iron products to increase

• Growth of railways

Coal

• Reliable

• Every aspect of the revolution needed coal and Britain had plenty

• 1800, Britain produced about 90% of the global output of coal

• Extracting coal provided lots of jobs (216000 workers in 1850) but had detrimental health issues (eg black lung). Life expectancy was less that 40.

Why were people willing to work in the mines?

Jobs that required skill had become obsolete to the factory system. Decrease in textile & agricultural jobs leads to people being displaced -> only work is in mines

Why was iron production increased after 1780?

• iron was used to make machines

• Britain exporting Iron (7% of economy)

• Puddling

Why did coal mining rely on employing lots of workers?

mining was a slow process. Only 2% of the coal was being extracted manually. more workers = more production.

Why did British market growth increase?

Internal trade: