(2) larynx, trachea

from p. 49

larynx is where?

connects pars nasalis pharyngis and tranchea, containing organ of phonation.

• eq+ru: located in caudal part of intermandibular space

• su+car: more caudally

• walls of larynx are supported by means of the cartilagines laryngis.

identify these structures. (general)

1. epiglottis (unpaired, most rostrally)

2. cartilago arytenoidea (paired, dorsally)

3. cartilago thyroidea (unpaired)

4. cartilago cricoidea (unpaired, ring-shape, most caudally)

Describe structures of cartilago thyroidea (new - video on it)

1. lamina dextra et sinistra (forms the cartilage, ventrally fused)

2. prominentia laryngea (adams apple - more in man)

3. cornu rostrale et caudale (dorsal ends of rostral + caudal border of lamina, rostral horns serves for articulation with thyrohyoideum and caudal horn with the lamina cartilaginis cricoiceae)

4. fissura thyroidea (separates on both sides cornu rostrale from rostral border of lamina)

5. incisura thyroidea caudalis (on caudal border of laminae)

6. incisura thyroidea cranialis (on caudal border of laminae fusion, deep in eq, serves for access of the cavity)

7. linea obliqua (serving for muscular attachment, on lateral surface of laminae)

cornu rostrale, fissura thyroidea + incisura thyroidea = absent in su.

Describe the structures of the cartilago arytenoidea (new)

1. facies dorsalis formns apex cartilaginis arytenoideae

2. basis cartiliganinis arytenoideae - points caudally

3. from facies lateralis - arises the processus muscularis

4. facies medialis - smooth

5. processus vocalis

6. processus corniculatus - starting from apex in dorsomedial direction.

7. process cuneiformis - continuing rostrally from processus corniculatus

8. facies articularis - on dorsal margin for articulation with the cricoid cartilage.

9. cartilago interarytenoidea - in su and car, bw. both arytenoid cartilages.

10. cartilago sesamoidea - on dorsal surface of cartilago arytenoidea.

What are the structures of epiglottis ? (new)

1. basis

2. apex - pointed in ca, eq + small ru and roudned in bo+su.

3. facies lingualis - in contact with tongue

4. faices laryngea - directed into laryngeal cavity

5. margines laterales - both surfaces meet here.

6. petiolus epiglottidis - stalk, continuing caudally from base, in contact with thyroid cartilage.

7. processus cuneiformis - in eq, with dorsocaudal direction, from each side of base.

What are the structures of cartilago cricoidea? (new)

1. lamina cartilaginis cricoideae - broad, dorsally

2. arcus cartilaginis cricoideae - ventrally, narrower

3. facies articularis arytenoidea - located on both sides of rostral border of lamina, for articulation with arytenoid cartilage.

4. facies articularis thyroidea - caudally to previous, articualting with caudal horn of thyroid cartilage.

5. crista mediana - dorsally directed, for muscular insertion on lamina.

joints of the larynx, include:

1. articulatio cricothyroidea

   • lig. cricothyroideum - connects

2. art. cricoarytenoidea

   • lig. cricoarytenoideum

3. art. thyrohyoidea

   • lig. thyroepiglotticum → lig. hyoepiglotticum

   • lig. cricotracheale

   • lig. arytenoideum transversum

   • lig. vestibulare (absent in fe)

   • lig. vocale

The cartilages of larynx are connected to each other, to the hyoid apparatus and to the trachea by articulations, ligaments and muscles.

Muscles of larynx include?

1. m. cricothyroideus

2. m. cricoarytenoideus lateralis

3. m. cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

4. m. arytenoideus transversus

5. m. thyroarytenoideus → m. ventricularis + m. vocalis (not divided in ru, su + fe)

identify these structures of cavum laryngis.

5. auditus laryngis

6. plica vocalis (caudally located fold to rima)

   • lig. vocale and m. vocalis

7. rima glottidis (narrow, vertical slit, forming organ of phonation, has 2 paired folds - plica volcalis et vestibularis)

   • divides into: pars intercartilaginea (dorsally) and pars intermembranacea (ventrally)

8. plica vestibularis (rostral fold to rima)

   • formed by m. ventricularis and lig. vestibulare

9. cavum infraglotticum (from glottidis to trachea)

10. rings of trachea

11. vestibulum laryngis (most rostrally, from auditus laryngis → glottidis)

Voice is produced when glottis is narrowed and widened by the action of laryngeal muscles → causing vibration of the respiratory air → voice.

this structure of cavum laryngis is?

Plicae aryepiglotticae (aryepiglottic folds) - laryngeal inlet is ventrally bounded by epiglottis, on both sides by means of these folds, extending laterally from the lateral parts of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilage)

In ew, su and ca, ——-, is formed laterally on both sides.

1. ventriculus laryngis is formed (of cavum laryngis)

Which structure lies in the midline of ventral surface of vestibulum laryngis in eq + su?

Recessus laryngis (median laryngeal recess)

what structures can you see here? (4)

Main character: Trachea.

1. pars cervicalis: ventrally to esophagus and musculus longus colli on neck.

2. pars thoracica: goes caudally into mediastinum inside thoracic cavity. It divides dorsally to the base of heart, into left and right main bronchus (bifurcatio trachea)

   • RU + SU: bronchus trachealis, arising cranially to bifurcatio trachea, and to the right.

   • walls of trachea are supported by cartilagines tracheales (number and shape differs among species)