AP BIO evolution quiz review!

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

known for his theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, suggesting that traits developed during an organism's lifetime could be passed down to offspring

Lamarck theory

Organisms adapted to their environments through acquired traits, they change in their lifetime, and transmit acquired characteristics to the next generation

Biogeography

The study of how animals, plants, and other organisms have come to occupy the habitat that they do, or why closely related species seem to flourish in different areas to each other

Comparative Anatomy

the study of anatomical similarities and differences between species, provides strong evidence for evolution, demonstrating how organisms are related and how their structures have evolved over time

Homologous structures

similarities in characteristics resulting from common ancestry, inherited from a common ancestor, even if they have different functions in the descendants

Analogous structures

different internal structures but similar functions due to adaptation to similar environments (not common ancestry), Example: The wings of birds and insects are analogous, as they evolved independently to allow flight, but the underlying bone structure is different. 

Vestigial structures

remnants of structures that were functional in an ancestral species but have little or no function in modern species, Example: The human appendix is a vestigial structure, a remnant of a larger organ that was once used for digestion in our ancestors. 

Embryology

Comparing the development of embryos in different species can reveal similarities that suggest common ancestry

Molecular Biology

Comparing DNA sequences can reveal evolutionary relationships between species, Because the genetic code is universal, we can compare DNA and protein structure, closely related species have sequences that are more similar than distantly related species.

Gradualism equilibrium

gradualism proposes slow, steady evolutionary change over long periods

Punctuated equilibrium

punctuated equilibrium suggests that evolution occurs in bursts of rapid change followed by long periods of stasis (little to no change)

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

	The population must meet these criteria: (KNOW THESE FOR YOUR TEST)
	Very large population (no genetic drift)
	No migration (movement in or out)
	No mutation (no genetic change)
	Random mating (no sexual selection)
	No natural selection

Genetic flow

The Movement of individuals and alleles in and out of population

• Ex. seeds and pollen distributed by wind and insects

• Ex. migration of animals

  Causes genetic mixing across regions, Can introduce new variation to a population, Reduces differences between populations

Genetic drift

A chance event causes a change in the population, founder effect- leaves starting a new colony, bottleneck effect- disaster reduces a population to a smaller number

Natural selection

The combination of alleles that provide fitness increase in the population as organisms with the highest fitness are better able to survive and reproduce, variation is needed for it to occur tho, favored traits depend on the enviornment (TRAITS BECOME MORE OR LESS POPULAR)

Environmental pressures

Overpopulation, changing environment, resource competition, and predators

Directional selection

Individuals that display a more extreme form of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with an average form of the trait, ex: peppered moths

Stabilizing selection

Individuals with the average form of a trait have the highest fitness

Disruptive selection

Individuals with either extreme variation of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with the average form of the trait