MUS 122 - Final Exam

bomba

a drum style that emerged in the 18th century in Puerto Rico from the slave barracks

Cuatro

Venezuelan instrument, small body, four strings

Steel Band

large percussion orchestra of Trinidad and Tobago, featuring pans (steel drums) of many different sizes and ranges; the pans are made from oil drums

Guiro

a percussion instrument consisting of a notched gourd which is scraped by a stick

-idiophone

Tamboo Bamboo

A type of ensemble developed after drums were banned in Trinidad, which used cane and bamboo tubes that were beaten with sticks and stamped on the ground.

-percussion ensemble that accompanies calypso songs during
Carnival, consisting of three different instruments, each cut from bamboo

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland

Band

organization of the people involved in the Carnival (many different groups)

Iron

any of the un-pitched or relatively pitched instruments in a steel band

US: "the engine room"

Mas

everything and anything leading up to Carnival (Trinidad and Tobago)

Pan

steel drum; invented in Trinidad and Tobago
-Came from 55-gallon oil drums (tanks, containers, etc.)
-No two pans are the same

Rake-n-scrape

A traditional Bahamian music usually played on accordion, saw, and goatskin drum

Obeah

African religious ideas and practices in the English and French Caribbean islands
-associated in the Bahamas with folk
magic and at times with black magic

Cariso

used to describe a French Creole song in the 1780s, and in Trinidad, the (mostly
female) chantwells performed this during the first half of the nineteenth century.

The chantwells,
assisted by drums and alternating in call-and-response, were a central component of the practice called
kalenda (stick-fighting)

Calypso

a traditional French Creole humorous song that comments on life in the Caribbean

"words and music"

Rumba

developed during the second half of the nineteenth century as a secular alternative to
sacred African-derived drumming traditions in Cuba. The ensemble generally consists of a lead vocalist, a chorus, and at least three types of percussion instruments (clave,
palitos [short sticks], and three congas)

Three most popular: the guaguancó,
the yambú, and the columbia

Metropole

the parent state of a colony

Bele

a folk song and dance from Dominica

Junkanoo

A Bahamian festival, celebrated on Boxing Day (Dec. 26) and New Year's Day and including music, costume arts, and dance

an annual Bahamian festival of music and dance, developed in the eighteenth century and took the form of a night-time festival during which slaves would get together to visit, celebrate, and socialize

Zouk

Popular music style of the French Antilles, popularized in the 1980s by the band Kassav

Caribbean disco dance and corresponding type of fast rhythmic music

Punta

a song genre that symbolically reenacts the cock-and-hen mating dance and is usually composed by women

-performed during festivals, at wakes, and at celebrations that follow dugu ceremonies (religious ceremonies during which a family appeals to the ancestors for help in solving a given problem)

-usually involves call and response singing, drums, rattles, and sometimes conch shell trumpets

-The drums used:the primero and the segunda

Punta Rock

Popular music style developed by the Garifuna, featuring call-and-response vocals and a rich percussion accompaniment derived from traditional punta music

chutney

a folk music of South Asian origin, usually sung by women for women at celebrations

Chutney-Soca

popular music style of Trinidad that combines elements of two earlier styles, soca and chutney

a crossover style of music incorporating Soca elements and Hindi-English lyrics, Chutney music, with Indian instruments like the dholak and dhantal.

Soca

a modern Trinidadian and Tobago pop music combining "soul" and "calypso" music.

a West Indian style of music, a blend of soul and calypso

merengue

a Dominican dance music in 4/4 meter developed from danza and contradanza

The Mighty Sparrow

- King of Calypso singer-songwriter, and guitarist
-he represented a new generation of calypso artists.
-He and Lord Melody recorded calypso verbal duels, including "Picong Duel"

Ophie and the Websites

popular Rake 'n' scrape group

George Symonette

goombay (combo of rake n scrape and calypso - blend of various Caribbean cultures) artist in the 1950s - "Love Alone" - worked tourist circuit in Nassau with calypso covers

Lord Caresser

-1937 : records "Edward VIII" increases calypso popularity in the 40s and 50s

Lord Invader

Calypso singer, wrote "Rum and Coca Cola"

Mbira

an African musical instrument, a lamellaphone, of the idiophone type, has 22 keys
(tongues)

balo

xylophone

Kora

a harp-lute with 21 strings (arranged in two parallel rows perpendicular to the skin face of the gourd sound box) and with a range of over three octaves

Kotingo

a five-stringed plucked lute with a skin face like the banjo

Donkilo

in kora music, a tune with several phrases of text

basic vocal melody

Sataro

improvisatory, passionate speechlike style of singing in kora music

Birimintingo

improvised instrumental interludes in kora music

Kumbengo

Short instrumental ostinato on the Kora.

Bira

a family sponsored event wherein the ancestors interact with the living

Lamellaphone

A general class of musical instruments that have tuned metal or reed tongues set on a bridge mounted to a soundboard or box; it is played by striking the keys

Also known as mbira

Interlocking

division of a single melodic or rhythmic line between two or more instruments/voices

the practice of fitting one's pitches and beats into spaces of other parts, or alternating the pitches or phrases of one part with those of others to create the whole; also called hocket

Ostinato

a continually repeated musical phrase or rhythm

Hocket

Interlocking pitches between two or more sound sources to create a single melody or part.

-polyphony

Pgymy

nomadic, semi-autonomous hunter-gatherers of equatorial rainforest areas. Communalism is a way of life because survival depends on cooperation. The key values of their society-- egalitarianism, consensus, and unity--are reflected in their musical culture.

Jali

"wordsmith"--a professional musician/verbal artist who is simultaneously an
oral historian, musician, singer-bard, and praise
singer

Nyamalo

Craft specialists in Mande societies, a category including professional musicians

Sula

In Mande societies, "ordinary people": farmers, merchants, etc.

Guitarron

A large, plucked, four- or five-string bass lute with an expanded belly that serves as the bass instrument in a mariachi ensemble.

Kenas

Appalacian end blown flute; breathy sound

Aymaran dry-season instrument. End-notched flute with V-notch.
-metal flute

Requinto

Four- or five-stringed lute, a smaller cousin to the guitar and one of the central instruments in son jarocho

Jaranas

small guitar with 8 strings

Huapanguera

a guitar variant, larger
than a guitar, and with eight strings

Also called guitarra quinta

Marimba

a percussion instrument with wooden bars tuned to produce a chromatic scale and with resonators

bajo sexto

Oversized Mexican twelve-string guitar that typically served as a bass instrument in small groups.

Siku

Latin panpipes

Cajas

large indigenous Aymara snare drum

Capoeira

a martial art and dance that developed in Brazil from Angolans who were taken there by the Portuguese from Africa

tango

A Latin American dance performed at a moderately slow, walk-like tempo in 4/4 meter

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Huayno

music style combining elements of Peruvian Native America and Spanish musical traditions; incorporates high female vocals, guitar, violin and indigenous instruments

Orquesta tipica

A mixed ensemble of European instruments and indigenous Andean flutes

Sesquialtera

A rhythmic structure that alternates between two-beat and three-beat accentuation (3:2)

Hemiola

a shift of the rhythmic pulse from a division of 2 to a division of 3

Marinera

mestizo song-dance genre of Peru in sesquialtera rhythm

Yaravi

A slow, sad, lyrical mestizo song genre from Peru

Son

Mexico''s most important song-dance genre, a strophic song usually on romantic themes and in many regions characterized by sesquialtera rhythm.

Jarocho Ensemble (son)

musical group from rural, southern coastal region of Mexican state of Veracruz
-large diatonic harp, requinto, jaranas
-specialize in son

Huasteca Ensemble (son)

Mexico group hailing from Northern Veracruz and Tamaulipas state, featuring violin accompanied by two types of guitars

Mariachi

A Mexican style of music played by ensembles of violins, guitars, and two or more trumpets.

Cunjunto Nortenos

A popular dance band originally associated with northern Mexico and southern Texas, featuring the 3-row button accordion, bajo sexto (12 strong guitar) bass and drums.