Chapter 10: Emotion and Motivation

Abraham Maslow

________ proposed a hierarchy of needs that spans the spectrum of motives ranging from the biological to the individual to the social.

Central nucleus

________: plays a role in attention, and has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems activity.

Kinsey

________ described a diverse range of sexual behaviors and experiences reported by the volunteers participating in his research.

Zajonc

________ asserted that some emotions occur separately from or prior to our cognitive interpretation of them.

Culture

________ can impact the way in which people display emotion.

Orgasm

________: marked in women by rhythmic contractions of the pelvis and uterus along with increased muscle tension, and in men by pelvic contractions accompanied by a buildup of seminal fluid near the urethra thats forced out by contractions of genital muscles.

Motivation

________: the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.

Hippocampus

________: integrates emotional experience with cognition.

Basolateral complex

________: has dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; is critical for classical conditioning and for attaching emotional value to learning processes and memory.

Instinct

________: a species- specific pattern of behavior that is not learned.

Habit

________: a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.

Bulimia nervosa

________: binge eating behavior thats followed by an attempt to compensate for the large amount of food consumed.

Resolution

________: the relatively rapid return to an unaroused state accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure and muscular relaxation.

Overjustification effect

________: intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given.

'Excitement

________: the arousal phase of the sexual response cycle, which is marked by erection of the penis or clitoris and lubrication and expansion of the vaginal canal.

Cognitive mediational theory

________: our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus.

Polygraph

________: measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions.

glucose levels

When our blood ________ drop, the pancreas and liver generate a number of chemical signals that induce hunger and initiate feeding behavior.

Thalamus

________: serves as a sensory relay center whose neurons project to both the amygdala and the higher cortical regions for further processing.

gastrointestinal tract

The foods passage through the ________ also provides important satiety signals to the brain, and fat cells release leptin, a satiety hormone.

Masters

________ and Johnson observed people having intercourse in a variety of positions and masturbating, either manually or with the aid of a device, while researchers recorded measurements of physiological variables.

hormones

The ________ secreted by the endocrine system also play important roles in sexual motivation and behavior.

Affiliation

________: encourages positive interactions with others.

Sexual orientation

________: an individuals emotional and erotic attractions to same- sexed individuals (homosexual), opposite- sexed individuals (heterosexual), or both (bisexual)

Binge

________ eating disorder: eating ________ followed by distress, including feelings of guilt and embarrassment.

Intimacy

________: causes us to seek deep, meaningful relationships.

Plateau

________: when women experience further swelling of the vagina and increased blood flow to the labia minora, and men experience full erection and often exhibit pre- ejaculatory fluid; both men and women experience increases in muscle tone.

height

When someone weighs more than what is generally accepted as healthy for a given ________, they are considered overweight or obese.

Anorexia nervosa

________: an eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of a body weight well below average through starvation and /or excessive exercise.

Metabolic rate

________: the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time.

LeDoux

________ views some emotions as requiring no cognition: some emotions completely bypass contextual interpretation.

Satiation

________ is regulated by several physiological mechanisms.

physiological arousal

The components of emotion: ________, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences.

Hypothalamus

________: plays a role in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system that is a part of any given emotional reaction.

Refractory period

________: a period of time that follows an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm.

James Lange theory

________: emotions arise from physiological arousal.

Albert Bandura

________ theorized that an individuals sense of self- efficacy plays a pivotal role in motivating behavior.

Morbid obesity

________: having a BMI over 40; people who are so overweight that they are at risk for death.

Amygdala

________: plays a role in processing emotional information and sending that information on to cortical structures.

James

________ theorized that behavior was driven by a number of instincts, which aid survival.

Achievement

________: drives accomplishment and performance.

fear stimulus

A(n) ________ is processed by the brain through one of two paths: from the thalamus (where its perceived) directly to the amygdala or from the thalamus through the cortex and then to the amygdala.

BMI

Obese: an adult with a(n) ________ of 30 or higher.

Chemical messages

________ travel to the brain, and serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior.

Emotion

________: a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings.

Bandura

________ argues that motivation derives from expectations that we have about the consequences of our behaviors, and its the appreciation of our capacity to engage in a given behavior that will determine what we do and the future goals that we set for ourselves.

Bariatric surgery

________: a type of surgery specifically aimed at weight reduction; involves modifying the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and /or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed.

Dr Alfred Kinsey of Indiana University

________ initiated large- scale survey research on human sexuality.

Body language

________: the expression of emotion in terms of body position or movement.

Drive theory

________ emphasizes the role that habits play in the type of behavioral response in which we engage.

Motivation

the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal

Intrinsically motivated behaviors

performed because of the sense of personal satisfaction that they bring

Extrinsically motivated behaviors

performed in order to receive something from others

Overjustification effect

intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given

Instinct

a species-specific pattern of behavior that is not learned

Drive theory

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in a psychological drive that directs behavior to meet the need and bring the system back to homeostasis

Habit

a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage

Arousal theory

if were underaroused, we become bored and will seek out some sort of stimulation; if were overaroused, we will engage in behaviors to reduce our arousal

Yerkes-Dodson law

a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower

Self-efficacy

an individuals belief in her own capability to complete a task, which may include a previous successful completion of the exact task or a similar task

Achievement

drives accomplishment and performance

Affiliation

encourages positive interactions with others

Intimacy

causes us to seek deep, meaningful relationships

Satiation

fullness and satisfaction

Metabolic rate

the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time

Set-point theory

each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, which is resistant to change

Overweight

an adult with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9

Obese

an adult with a BMI of 30 or higher

Morbid obesity

having a BMI over 40; people who are so overweight that they are at risk for death

Bariatric surgery

a type of surgery specifically aimed at weight reduction; involves modifying the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and/or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed

Bulimia nervosa

binge eating behavior thats followed by an attempt to compensate for the large amount of food consumed

Binge eating disorder

eating binges followed by distress, including feelings of guilt and embarrassment

Anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of a body weight well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise

Distorted body image

a type of body dysmorphia where they view themselves as overweight even though theyre not

Sexual orientation

an individuals emotional and erotic attractions to same-sexed individuals (homosexual), opposite-sexed individuals (heterosexual), or both (bisexual)

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Based on these observations, Masters and Johnson divided the sexual response cycle into four phases that are fairly similar in men and women

'Excitement

the arousal phase of the sexual response cycle, which is marked by erection of the penis or clitoris and lubrication and expansion of the vaginal canal

Plateau

when women experience further swelling of the vagina and increased blood flow to the labia minora, and men experience full erection and often exhibit pre-ejaculatory fluid; both men and women experience increases in muscle tone

Orgasm

marked in women by rhythmic contractions of the pelvis and uterus along with increased muscle tension, and in men by pelvic contractions accompanied by a buildup of seminal fluid near the urethra thats forced out by contractions of genital muscles

Resolution

the relatively rapid return to an unaroused state accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure and muscular relaxation

Refractory period

a period of time that follows an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm

Gender identity

ones sense of being male or female

Gender dysphoria

individuals who dont identify as the gender that most people would assume they are

Transgender hormone therapy

an attempt to make ones bodies look more like the opposite sex through hormones

Emotion

a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings

The components of emotion

physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences

James-Lange theory

emotions arise from physiological arousal

Cannon-Bard theory

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently

Polygraph

measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions

Cognitive-mediational theory

our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus

LeDoux views some emotions as requiring no cognition

some emotions completely bypass contextual interpretation

A fear stimulus is processed by the brain through one of two paths

from the thalamus (where its perceived) directly to the amygdala or from the thalamus through the cortex and then to the amygdala

Hypothalamus

plays a role in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system that is a part of any given emotional reaction

Thalamus

serves as a sensory relay center whose neurons project to both the amygdala and the higher cortical regions for further processing

Amygdala

plays a role in processing emotional information and sending that information on to cortical structures

Basolateral complex

has dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; is critical for classical conditioning and for attaching emotional value to learning processes and memory

Central nucleus

plays a role in attention, and has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems activity

Hippocampus

integrates emotional experience with cognition

Cultural display rule

one of a collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable

Facial feedback hypothesis

facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions