Studied by 2 peopleAbraham Maslow
________ proposed a hierarchy of needs that spans the spectrum of motives ranging from the biological to the individual to the social.
Central nucleus
________: plays a role in attention, and has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems activity.
Kinsey
________ described a diverse range of sexual behaviors and experiences reported by the volunteers participating in his research.
Zajonc
________ asserted that some emotions occur separately from or prior to our cognitive interpretation of them.
Culture
________ can impact the way in which people display emotion.
Orgasm
________: marked in women by rhythmic contractions of the pelvis and uterus along with increased muscle tension, and in men by pelvic contractions accompanied by a buildup of seminal fluid near the urethra thats forced out by contractions of genital muscles.
Motivation
________: the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.
Hippocampus
________: integrates emotional experience with cognition.
Basolateral complex
________: has dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; is critical for classical conditioning and for attaching emotional value to learning processes and memory.
Instinct
________: a species- specific pattern of behavior that is not learned.
Habit
________: a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.
Bulimia nervosa
________: binge eating behavior thats followed by an attempt to compensate for the large amount of food consumed.
Resolution
________: the relatively rapid return to an unaroused state accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure and muscular relaxation.
Overjustification effect
________: intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given.
'Excitement
________: the arousal phase of the sexual response cycle, which is marked by erection of the penis or clitoris and lubrication and expansion of the vaginal canal.
Cognitive mediational theory
________: our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus.
Polygraph
________: measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions.
glucose levels
When our blood ________ drop, the pancreas and liver generate a number of chemical signals that induce hunger and initiate feeding behavior.
Thalamus
________: serves as a sensory relay center whose neurons project to both the amygdala and the higher cortical regions for further processing.
gastrointestinal tract
The foods passage through the ________ also provides important satiety signals to the brain, and fat cells release leptin, a satiety hormone.
Masters
________ and Johnson observed people having intercourse in a variety of positions and masturbating, either manually or with the aid of a device, while researchers recorded measurements of physiological variables.
hormones
The ________ secreted by the endocrine system also play important roles in sexual motivation and behavior.
Affiliation
________: encourages positive interactions with others.
Sexual orientation
________: an individuals emotional and erotic attractions to same- sexed individuals (homosexual), opposite- sexed individuals (heterosexual), or both (bisexual)
Binge
________ eating disorder: eating ________ followed by distress, including feelings of guilt and embarrassment.
Intimacy
________: causes us to seek deep, meaningful relationships.
Plateau
________: when women experience further swelling of the vagina and increased blood flow to the labia minora, and men experience full erection and often exhibit pre- ejaculatory fluid; both men and women experience increases in muscle tone.
height
When someone weighs more than what is generally accepted as healthy for a given ________, they are considered overweight or obese.
Anorexia nervosa
________: an eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of a body weight well below average through starvation and /or excessive exercise.
Metabolic rate
________: the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time.
LeDoux
________ views some emotions as requiring no cognition: some emotions completely bypass contextual interpretation.
Satiation
________ is regulated by several physiological mechanisms.
physiological arousal
The components of emotion: ________, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences.
Hypothalamus
________: plays a role in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system that is a part of any given emotional reaction.
Refractory period
________: a period of time that follows an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm.
James Lange theory
________: emotions arise from physiological arousal.
Albert Bandura
________ theorized that an individuals sense of self- efficacy plays a pivotal role in motivating behavior.
Morbid obesity
________: having a BMI over 40; people who are so overweight that they are at risk for death.
Amygdala
________: plays a role in processing emotional information and sending that information on to cortical structures.
James
________ theorized that behavior was driven by a number of instincts, which aid survival.
Achievement
________: drives accomplishment and performance.
fear stimulus
A(n) ________ is processed by the brain through one of two paths: from the thalamus (where its perceived) directly to the amygdala or from the thalamus through the cortex and then to the amygdala.
BMI
Obese: an adult with a(n) ________ of 30 or higher.
Chemical messages
________ travel to the brain, and serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior.
Emotion
________: a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings.
Bandura
________ argues that motivation derives from expectations that we have about the consequences of our behaviors, and its the appreciation of our capacity to engage in a given behavior that will determine what we do and the future goals that we set for ourselves.
Bariatric surgery
________: a type of surgery specifically aimed at weight reduction; involves modifying the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and /or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed.
Dr Alfred Kinsey of Indiana University
________ initiated large- scale survey research on human sexuality.
Body language
________: the expression of emotion in terms of body position or movement.
Drive theory
________ emphasizes the role that habits play in the type of behavioral response in which we engage.
Motivation
the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal
Intrinsically motivated behaviors
performed because of the sense of personal satisfaction that they bring
Extrinsically motivated behaviors
performed in order to receive something from others
Overjustification effect
intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given
Instinct
a species-specific pattern of behavior that is not learned
Drive theory
deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in a psychological drive that directs behavior to meet the need and bring the system back to homeostasis
Habit
a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage
Arousal theory
if were underaroused, we become bored and will seek out some sort of stimulation; if were overaroused, we will engage in behaviors to reduce our arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law
a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower
Self-efficacy
an individuals belief in her own capability to complete a task, which may include a previous successful completion of the exact task or a similar task
Achievement
drives accomplishment and performance
Affiliation
encourages positive interactions with others
Intimacy
causes us to seek deep, meaningful relationships
Satiation
fullness and satisfaction
Metabolic rate
the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time
Set-point theory
each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, which is resistant to change
Overweight
an adult with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9
Obese
an adult with a BMI of 30 or higher
Morbid obesity
having a BMI over 40; people who are so overweight that they are at risk for death
Bariatric surgery
a type of surgery specifically aimed at weight reduction; involves modifying the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and/or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed
Bulimia nervosa
binge eating behavior thats followed by an attempt to compensate for the large amount of food consumed
Binge eating disorder
eating binges followed by distress, including feelings of guilt and embarrassment
Anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of a body weight well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise
Distorted body image
a type of body dysmorphia where they view themselves as overweight even though theyre not
Sexual orientation
an individuals emotional and erotic attractions to same-sexed individuals (homosexual), opposite-sexed individuals (heterosexual), or both (bisexual)
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
Based on these observations, Masters and Johnson divided the sexual response cycle into four phases that are fairly similar in men and women
'Excitement
the arousal phase of the sexual response cycle, which is marked by erection of the penis or clitoris and lubrication and expansion of the vaginal canal
Plateau
when women experience further swelling of the vagina and increased blood flow to the labia minora, and men experience full erection and often exhibit pre-ejaculatory fluid; both men and women experience increases in muscle tone
Orgasm
marked in women by rhythmic contractions of the pelvis and uterus along with increased muscle tension, and in men by pelvic contractions accompanied by a buildup of seminal fluid near the urethra thats forced out by contractions of genital muscles
Resolution
the relatively rapid return to an unaroused state accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure and muscular relaxation
Refractory period
a period of time that follows an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm
Gender identity
ones sense of being male or female
Gender dysphoria
individuals who dont identify as the gender that most people would assume they are
Transgender hormone therapy
an attempt to make ones bodies look more like the opposite sex through hormones
Emotion
a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings
The components of emotion
physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences
James-Lange theory
emotions arise from physiological arousal
Cannon-Bard theory
physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently
Polygraph
measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions
Cognitive-mediational theory
our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus
LeDoux views some emotions as requiring no cognition
some emotions completely bypass contextual interpretation
A fear stimulus is processed by the brain through one of two paths
from the thalamus (where its perceived) directly to the amygdala or from the thalamus through the cortex and then to the amygdala
Hypothalamus
plays a role in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system that is a part of any given emotional reaction
Thalamus
serves as a sensory relay center whose neurons project to both the amygdala and the higher cortical regions for further processing
Amygdala
plays a role in processing emotional information and sending that information on to cortical structures
Basolateral complex
has dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; is critical for classical conditioning and for attaching emotional value to learning processes and memory
Central nucleus
plays a role in attention, and has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems activity
Hippocampus
integrates emotional experience with cognition
Cultural display rule
one of a collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable
Facial feedback hypothesis
facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions
Note
Flashcard