PLTW Medical Interventions- 1.2 Review

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35 Terms

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Mutation

Mutation is a change in the DNA that can sometimes cause a change in the gene product, which is the target of the antimicrobial.

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Destruction or Inactivation

Many bacteria possess genes which produce enzymes that chemically degrade or deactivate the antimicrobial, rendering them ineffective against the bacterium.

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Efflux

Certain bacteria can often become resistant to antimicrobials through a mechanism known as Efflux. An efflux pump is essentially a channel that actively exports antimicrobial and other compounds out of the cell.

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Conjugation

Conjugation is mediated by a particular kind of circular DNA called a plasmid, which replicates independently of the chromosome. Many plasmids carry genes that confer resistance to antimicrobials. When two cells are in close proximity to each other, a hollow bridge-like structure, known as a pilus, forms between two cells. This allows a copy of the plasmid, as it is duplicated, to be transferred from one bacterium to another.This enables a susceptible bacteria to acquire resistance to a particular antimicrobial agent.

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Transformation

During this process, genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as "naked" DNA.

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Transduction

In this process, bacterial DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another inside a virus that infects bacteria. These viruses are called bacteriophages or bacterial phage.

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Cell competence

ability of a cell to take up extracellular (naked) DNA from its environment

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Naked DNA

purified DNA sequence with no associated proteins

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DNA supercoiling

over or underwinding of a DNA strand; an expression of the strain on that strand. Supercoiling is important in a number of biological processes, such as compacting DNA.

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Topoisomerase

an enzyme that maintains the supercoiling of DNA; inhibited by fluoroquinolones

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Enzyme Inhibitors

inhibit folic acid synthesis

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Peptidoglycan

forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the cell wall.

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30S Ribosome

tetracyclines use to decode mRNA

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Selection Pressure

an agent of differential mortality or fertility that tends to make a population change genetically; any reason for organisms with certain phenotypes to have either a survival benefit or disadvantage.

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B-Lactam

aka Penicillin; inhibit cell wall synthesis

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Tetracyclines

inhibit protein synthesis and alters cell wall; bind to 30S ribosomal unit; effective against certain gram positive and negative bacteria

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Fluoroquinolones

inhibits topoisomerases which block DNA replication; inhibit early fracture healing and increase rates of tendinitis; work on some gram positive and gram negative

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Sulfa Antibiotics

inhibit folic acid synthesis and growth of gram positive and negative bacteria; does not work on human cells

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Bacterial Cell Virulence Factors

Plasmid, Capsule, Pili, Endotoxins, Endotoxin LPS layer (in Gram Negative)

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Nucleoid

contains bacterial DNA, RNA and proteins

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Plasmid

contains code responsible for antibiotic resistance and other characteristics

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Ribosomes

performs protein synthesis by reading RNA

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Cell Wall

holds bacterial cell together and protects surface

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Cell Membrane

holds parts of cell together; responsible for diffusion and transport of materials

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Capsule

protects the cell and inhibits phagocytosis by the host cell

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Flagella

help cell move

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Pili

allow bacteria to attach to other cells

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Endotoxins

released into the body when gram negative dies

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What color does Gram + turn when stained

purple

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What color does Gram negative turn when stained

red

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A chemical removes the cell wall, but leaves the rest of the organism untouched. What does the bacteria lose?

The ability to have a gram stain result

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Are bacteria ever naturally resistant?

No

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What structure distinguishes prokaryokic and eukaryotic cells?

A nuclear membrane

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Antibiotic

A substance produced by or derived from a microorganism and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill another microorganism

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Antibiotic Resistance

Resistance to one or more antibiotics, usually due to additional genetic information