history module 7

Farming…

was introduced in North Africa sometime after 5000 BCE

Bantu migrations

the “Bantu” are defined by language - they all speak ‘Bantu’ languages, related to one another. As they moved, they adopted new technologies (iron, food technologies/agriculture)

Luba in the Congo

a story of migration - the history of technology goes backwards, the Luba as a distinct, separate group arriving in the area, but also a society with a range of food sources, and engaged in trade

Kikuyu in Kenya

a story of settlement - agriculture, intermarriage with indigenous peoples, each family has its own leader, women play important economic roles, Monotheistic

Polynesian migrations

peoples originally from the Asian continent populating the South Pacific roughly between 1500 BCE and 1000 CE

Navigation…

by the stars, the moon, the sun, winds, and waves

Migrated agriculture/food technologies

from island to island (sometimes leading to extinction of indigenous species)

Different islands developed different…

social structures

Hawaii

chiefs governed by right of a divine power called mana, most people were commoners, nobody permanently owned land, heavily restricted women what and where they could eat

Migrations

created cultural identifies that span(ned) over large areas, environment mattered: societies changed as they moved and adopted to new conditions

Symbolic interpretation

using real things to represent ideas

Functionalist interpretation

origin myths legitimize specific aspects of social organization at the time the stories are told

Maize

cultivated using the milpa system

Omlec civilization

cultivated maize-irrigation systems, domesticated dogs, specialized craftsmen

Mesoamerican societies were in one big way different from other agricultural societies:

geographical/climatic

The geographical and climatic components also caused…

variation in agriculture

Microregions encouraged…

development of trade

Teotihuacán

city, traded obsidian, relatively peaceful coexistence

Mayan civilization

poor soil and tropical climate, developed water management systems

Water management systems

reservoirs and canal systems, raised fields and ditches, crop rotation

Andes (South America) these overlapped:

Chavin, Nazca, Mochia, Huari, Tiahuanaco 

Trade in Eastern North America

mound-building cultures, settled, urban, farming societies

Hopewell

trade across North America

Canokia

long-distance trade, ‘Mississippian’

Western trading networks

1) permanent agricultural towns, 2) trade fairs/ “rendevous”