Gen Bio 1st MT

Biology

study of living things and their interactions with one another and their environments.

/bios/

/life/

/logos/

/study/

ARISTOTLE

The Father of Biology

Astrobiology

The study of life in

the universe and the

effects of outer

space on living

organisms

Biochemistry

The study of

chemical reactions

required for life to

exist and function

Bioengineering

The application of

principles of Biology

and the tools of

Engineering to

create usable,

tangible,

economically viable

products

Biotechnology

Technology that

utilizes biological

systems, living

organisms or parts

of this to develop

or create different

products

Botany

The study of plants

Cell Biology

The study of cell

structure and

function

Environmental

Biology

The study of the

interaction of living

and non-living things

Evolutionary

Biology

The study of the

evolutionary

processes that

produced the

diversity of life on

Earth

Medical Biology

The study of

diagnosing,

preventing and

treating of diseases

Microbiology

The study of

microorganisms

Molecular

Biology

The study of the

biological processes

on a molecular level

Mycology

The study of fungi

Zoology

The study of

animals

Socio-Biology

The study of social

behavior of the

animals that make

societies

Pharmacology

The study of drugs

and their effects on

human body

Anatomy

study of internal structures

Genetics

study of heredity and variation

Immunology

study of the immune system

Histology

the microscopic study of tissues

Morphology

study of form and structures of living organisms

Taxonomy

study of the naming and classification of organisms

Physiology

study of functions of different parts of living organisms

Embryology

study of the development of an embryo to a new individual

Ichthyology

study of fish

Virology

study of viruses

Ornithology

study of birds

Entomology

study of insects

Paleontology

study of fossils

Parasitology

study of parasites

Helminthology

study of worms

Herpetology

study of reptiles and amphibians

Pathology

study of diseases, generally in animals

Cell theory

principle that all living things are made of fundamental units called cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells

Gene theory

principle that all living things have DNA, molecules that code the structures and functions of cells and get passed to offspring

Homeostasis

principle that all living things maintain a state of balance that enables organisms to survive in their environment

Evolution

principle that describes how all living things can change to have traits that enable them to survive better in their environments

natural selection

organisms that have traits better-suited for their environment have higher rates of survival, and then pass those traits to their offspring

ORDER

• All living organisms are

highly organized

• All living things are made up

of one or more cells. Cells are the basic unit of life

• Unicellular: made of only one cell

• Multicellular: made of many cells

• Biological levels CHARACTERISTICS

cells

basic unit of life

SENSITIVITY/RESPONSE

• Living organisms show “irritability”

• External stimuli

• Internal stimuli

• Positive response: movement toward a stimulus

• Negative response: movement away from a stimulus CHARACTERISTICS

REPRODUCTION

• Living things produce offspring that resemble the parents

• Asexual: only one parent

- Binary fission

• Sexual: requires two parents

- Fertilization CHARACTERISTICS

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

• Growth: increase in size and shape

• Development: mature over time

• Have a lifespan CHARACTERISTICS

HOMEOSTASIS

• Internal balance

• pH level

• Heart rate

• Blood pressure

• Body temperature

• Water concentration

• Feedback systems CHARACTERISTICS

ENERGY UTILIZATION

• Metabolism

• Photosynthesis & Cellular respiration

• Autotroph: make their own food

• Heterotroph: must eat their

food/consumers

• Decomposer: break down dead

material for food

ANABOLISM

GROW AND BUILD

CATABOLISM

USES ENERGY TO BREAK DOWN

autotrophs

are organisms that can produce their own food using energy from the environment.

heterotrophs

must eat their food/consumers

Decomposer

break down dead material for food

EVOLUTION

CHARACTERISTICS • Acts on populations over a long period of time

• Natural selection

• Adaptation

• For survival

Robert Hooke

Coined the term “cell”

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Observed the “animalcules”

Father of Microbiology

Henri Dutrochet

Cell is the fundamental unit of

living organism

Robert Brown

Discovered “nucleus”

Felix Dujardin

All living things contain a thick jelly

fluid “sarcode”

Matthias Schleiden

All plants are made up of cells

Theodore Schwann

All animals are made up of cells

Johannes Purkinje

Coined the term “protoplasm”

Rudolf Virchow

Concluded that cells come from

pre-existing cells

Formulated the Cell theory OMNIS CELLULA E CELLULA

Louis Pasteur

Pasteurization;

Founder of Microbiology

BIOLOGISTS DO

research, conservation, healthcare, art

MODERN CELL THEORY

• Cells are the

  basic units

  of structure,

  function,

  and

  physiology

  in living

  things

• All living

  things are

  composed of

  cells.

• Cells arise

  from pre-

  existing

  cells.

• Cells have

  similar

  basic

  chemical

  composition.

• There is a

  prevalence of

  energy flow

  inside the

  cell.

• Character

  traits are

  passed from

  one cell to

  another cell

  in the form

  of DNA.

Prokaryotic Cell

(BACTERIA) smaller than

eukaryotic cells, have no nucleus,

and lack organelles. All prokaryotic

cells are encased by a CELL WALL.

PRO

before

KARYON

nut or kernel

Eukaryotic cell

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms are eukaryotes. HAVE NUCLEUS AND MEMBRANE-COVERED ORGANELLES

domains of life

archaea, eukarya, bacteria

MITOCHONDRION

powerhouse of the cell; generates energy

golgi apparatus

packaging center of the cell; proteins delivered from the

endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are

further processed and sorted

before being delivered to the

lysosomes, the plasma membrane,

or the secretory pathway.

lysosome

contain lysozymes that degrade molecules

peroxisome

contain enzymes that neutralizes toxicity

endoplasmic reticulum

large, dynamic structure that

serves many roles in the cell including

calcium storage, protein synthesis, and

lipid metabolism.

RER

with attachment of ribosomes

SER

w/o attachment of ribosomes

centriole

organizing microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system.

centrosome

organelle in the cytoplasm which is made up of two centrioles.

RIBOSOME

site of protein synthesis in the cell; reads mRNA and translate genetic code into proteiins

nucleus

control center of the cell; protect the genome and facilitate its transcription and replication

nucleolus

produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes; found in the nucleus

nuclear membrane

separates the nuclues from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

cytoplasm

medium for chemical reaction; gel-like fluid; expansion growth and replication

cell membrane

also called plasma membrane; found in ALL cells,

pili/pilus

surface adhesion; mobility

capsule

assists in prokaryotes adhering to one another; prevents drying out

cell wall

protection; protects from bursting or bulging

cytoplasmic membrane

selective permeability barrier

ribosomes

convert genetic code to language of amino acids (building blocks of proteins)

cytoplasm

provide shelther for the cell’s organelles

nucleoid

controls how the prokayotic cell divides

plasmids

small, double-stranded dna molecule that is diff from a chromosomal DNA

flagella

movement of cells

inclusion

are nuclear or cytoplasmic

aggregates of stainable substances, usually

proteins. They typically represent sites of viral

multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic

cell, and usually consist of viral capsid proteins.

CELLULOSE CELL WALL

gives plant cells tensile strength and defense

against mechanical and osmotic stress by

surrounding the plasma membrane.

CELL MEMBRANE

plant cell membrane is a barrier between

the cytoplasm and the cell wall. It is also

involved in tissue formation, selective molecule

transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

MITOCHONDRION

synthesizes

ATP by linking a membrane

potential to the electron transport

chain, which moves electrons from

NADH to O2.

GOLGI APPARATUS & VESIOLE

is responsible for

transporting, modifying, and packaging

proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery

to targeted destinations. As the secretory

proteins move through the Golgi apparatus,

a number of chemical modifications may

transpire.