Biblical Archaeology, Texas A&M, Final Exam (anth 317)

Early Bronze IV/Middle Bronze I (EB IV/MBI)

2000-1800/1750 BC

Middle Bronze IIA

2000-1800/1750 BC
XII Dynasty/Middle Kingdom

Middle Bronze IIB-C

1800/1750-1550 BC
II Intermediate Period (Hyksos)

Late Bronze Age IA

1550-1470 BC
18th Dynasty - Thutmose III's conquest of Canaan

Late Bronze Age IB

1470-1400 BC
Thutmose III - Amarna

Late Bronze Age IIA

1400-1300 BC
Amarna & decline under 18th Dynasty

Late Bronze Age IIB

1300-1200 BC
19th Dynasty (Seti I, Ramses II, Merneptah)

Iron Age IA

1200-1150 BC
Egypt dominates, Canaanites thrive; no foreign trade

Iron IB

1150-1000 BC
Israelites & Philistine Cultures

Iron IIA

1000-925 BC
United Monarchy

Iron IIB

925-720 BC
Divided Monarchy to fall of Samarians to the Assyrians

Iron IIC

720-586 BC
from fall of Samaria to fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians

Phonecians

The Greek term for Canaanites
Descendants of canaanites

Hiram of Tyre

Contemporary of Solomon

Who was the first king of Israel?

Saul (late 11th century)

Reign of David

1000-965 BC
King of Israel, founds dynasty (House of David)

Mactesh

The modern wall in the city of Jerusalem

Reign of Solomon

965-925 BC
King of Israel
The Great Builder
A lot of economic prosperity and administration reorganization
12 districts
large trade network
Taken from phonecian and canaanite cultic architecture

Shishak (Sheshonq)

Egyptians attack Judah and Israel in 923 BC
Egyptian Pharoh

Shalmaneser III

858-824 BC
Assyrian King; Black Obelisk with inscriptions of his deeds (Jehu, king of Israel brings tribute)

Solomon's Temple

The first holy temple
No stones left
50x100x30 cubits
Harkens back to the thick walls of bronze age
**Iron IIA

The Large Stone Structure

Believed by some to be the house of David
**Iron Age IIA

The Stepped Structure

Related to David, 10th century, preserved well 54ft, large stones, terrace that would have supported something on top of it
**Iron Age IIA

Tiglat Pileser III

745-727 BC
Inaugurates the Assyrian Empire and the deportation of populations

Shalmaneser V

Fall of Samaria to Assyrians in 722 BC

Sennacherib & Hezekia (King of Judah)

701 BC: Assyrian attack on Judah, fall of Lachish, Jerusalem holds out

Collapse of the Assyrian Empire

610 BC

Nebbuchadnezzar (king of Babylonia)

586 BC
Fall of Jerusalem

Transhumanance

moving elevations/locations based on seasons

First time having oil lamps (olive oil is best to use)

EB IV/MB I

First appearance of bronze

EB IV/MB I

Pelest

Philistines (Sea Peoples at Medinet Habu)

The "enuma elish"

means "when on high"

Ain Samiya Goblet (EB IV/ MB I)

silver depicting a scene telling the Mesopotamian creation story

Tiamat

Mother creator goddess
Character in "enuma elish"
Depicted on the Ain Samiya Goblet (EB IV/MB I)

Marduk

New hero, leader of the gods
Character in "enuma elish"
Depicted on the Ain Samiya Goblet (EB IV/MB I)

Ea

Head god, father of Marduk
Character in "enuma elish"
Depicted on the Ain Samiya Goblet (EB IV/MB I)

Mummu

Evil vizier to Tiamat & Apsu
Character in "enuma elish"
Depicted on the Ain Samiya Goblet (EB IV/MB I)

Apsu

Consort of Tiamat
Character in "enuma elish"
Depicted on the Ain Samiya Goblet (EB IV/MB I)

Beni Hassan

Site in Egypt
Semitic metal smiths arriving in Egypt

Dynasty during the MB IIA

Middle Kingdom (Egypt is very strong)

Hurians (MB IIB-C)

Indo-European group
Mitanni Culture

Hittites (MB IIB-C)

Indo-European group

"hekau khasut" meaning?

foreign rulers

Gezer (MB IIB-C)

glacis with interlocking levels
open cult center

Tel Gerisa

Bricks covering glacis

Battle of Megiddo

Year 32

Uluburun meaning

"Grand Cape"

Oxhide, Tin, & Glass Ingots

metal slabs, usually of copper but sometimes of tin, produced and widely distributed during the Mediterranean Late Bronze Age (LBA). Their shape resembles the hide of an ox with a protruding handle in each of the ingot's four corners.(Wikpedia)
Found on Uluburun Shipwreck
Made to transport metal for further processing
Bun & pillow shapes as well

Dunnage

pieces of wood, matting, or similar material used to keep a cargo in position in a ship's hold.

Canaanite jars

jars with no flat bottom to prevent breaking and falling over while on ships, used to transport wine and other liquids

Blackwood

Egyptian Ebony
Found on the Uluburn shipwreck

Pithos (pl. pithoi)

Cypriot Pottery
Found on Uluburun (LBA)

Rhyton (pl. rhyta)

Faience drinking cups
Found on Uluburun (LBA)

Skeleton-based construction

The practice of building a ship by constructing the inside frame before the outside. Developed after shell-based construction.

Shell-based construction

Builiding the shell of a ship first, then fortifying it on the inside
**Uluburun

Mortise-and-tenon joinery

the joining pieces of wood, mainly when the adjoining pieces connect at an angle of 90°
**Used on the Uluburun ship

Gold Nefertiti scarab

Found on the Uluburun shipwreck
A small copper coin with impressions on it

Domed & Sphenoid Weights

Used in pan balance to weigh good
Domed were spherical, sphenoid were oval/oblong
These have Syro-Canaanite origins
**Uluburun

"Pistacia" meaning

Terebinth (Resin)
**found in vases on the Uluburun

"Ulam" meaning

"porch"
part of the tripart division of Solomon's temple
Iron Age IIA

"Hechal" meaning

"sanctucary"
part of the tripart division of Solomon's temple
Iron Age IIA

"Divir" meaning

"Holy of Holies"
part of the tripart division of Solomon's temple
Iron Age IIA

"Yachin" & "Boaz"

"Will prepare" & "Strength"; columns with no structural component

Sphinx

Cherub

Short Cubit

44.5 cm

Long or royal cubit

52.5 cm

Proto-Aeolic Capitals (Iron IIA)

Phonecian creation but only found in Judea
Column type structures

Balustrades

"Ramat Rahel"; Only found at Ain Dara
Would have been found under a window

Ain Dara temple (Iron IIA)

steps guarded by lions and sphinxes (cherubim), divine footsteps
closest model of Solomon's temple
In Syria, between a lot of modern day fighting

Hazor Temple (Iron IIA)

has a Solomonic casemate wall (a wall with rooms) and gate
Area H Temple
The dry moat

amphora

a tall ancient Greek or Roman jar with two handles and a narrow neck. **Uluburun

Jebusites

The people who lived in Jerusalem before David conquered it

Stratum VA-IVB (Megiddo)

Solomonic palace

Solomonic 6-chambered gates

Gezer, Hazor, and Megiddo

"Bet David" meaning

House of David (talking about his dynasty)

Bit Hilani

an Akkadian term based on Hittite reference to palaces having a colonnaded entrance porch
Building 6000

Stele fragment from Bet David (The Dan Inscription)

-In Aramaic but the script is Hebrew
-Dates to 9th century BC
-Victory stele of a victorious Aramean general
-Perhaps a subject king of Damascus
-Mentions "House of David"

Bubasite Portal at Karmak (Iron IIA)

Built by Shishak
Libyans
Nitrates have absorbed into stone, which is bad for the stone

"Heights of David"

Etchings/pictures showing how he built the buildings
Mentioned in Shishak's topographical list

Negev Fortresses

Located near water
In highlands
10th century BC

Amalekites

Desert nomads
(Negev fortresses)

Rehoboam

Son of Solomon
King of Judea (after Solomon's death and the kingdom splits in IronIIB)

Jeroboam

Son of Nebat
King of Israel (after Solomon's death and the kingdom splits in IronIIB) First King of Israel under the divided kingdom

Samaria

Heb. "Shomron"
capital of Israel founded by Omri enlarged by his son Ahab

Ahab

Son of Omri
Marries Jezebel (princess of Tyre), giving Israel connections with Phonecians (brings in Phonecian religious beliefs and cultural practices)

Header & Stretcher Construction

ashlar masonry
very strong, 2 headers then 1 stretcher
Used at the Acropolis of Samaria

The Samaria Ostraca (8th cent. BC)

-Keep sherds of pottery and people scratch things into them
-Usually lists year, place of origin, personal name, and commodity (ex. bathing oil)
-Doesn't always mention what kingdom the year is under "Year 3 under the ____ Dynasty"

Woman in the Window

Had Ramat Rahel balustrades
Samarian Ivories

Kuntillet 'Ajrud (Iron IIB)

Mid 9th-Mid 8th century, a temple. Many inscriptions on bronze
The texts are blessings and dedications...
Not moving away from God but bringing other gods in

The Black Obelisk

One of the most important texts outside of the Bible

Har Tsayad

EB IV/MB I Negev site

Sumerian name for Amorites

Amurru
EB IV/MB I people

West Semitic

EB IV/MB I people

Period of the Hebrew patriarchs (Abraham, Jacob, Isaac)

EB IV/ MB I

Appearance of coastal settlements

MB IIA

Urban sites in EB IV/MB I

Iktanu
Khirbet Iskander
Aroer
Ader

Burial Customs of EB IV/MBI

Megalithic Dolmens covered in tumuli (1-2 bodies)
Shaft tombs (long shaft leading to the burial chamber; 1-2 bodies; secondary burials
Tumulus (pl. tumuli) -In Negev highlands

Eye-axe (EB IV/MB I)

Keeps the openings from the EB epsilon axe but they are larger

Torque-bearers

CFA Schaeffer's interpretation of EBIV/MBI people