MODULE 8 CELLULAR RESPIRATION, FLUID, ELECTROLTE, AB BALANCE AND ENDOCRINE

Cellular respiration

Oxidation of glucose to produce ATP

Cellular Respiration formula

Glucose + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

LEO goes GER

-        Loss of Electrons is Oxidation

-         Gain of Electrons is Reduction

Steps of cellular respiration

1. 1 gluocse —> 2 pyruvic acid and a few ATP and NADH are produced.

   1. NADH carries electrons to step 4

2. Pyruvic acid —> Acetyl CoA (fuel for krebs cycle) CO2 is breathed out. A few NADH produced

3. Organic acids are getting oxidized as electron carriers are getting reduced. Some CO2 and ATP produced

4. O2 accepts electrons. H2O and ATP are used in the body

electron transport chain

• Energy is released as electrons are being passed along the chain. Some energy is used to pump protons into intermembrane space and some released as heat

• protons diffuse back into the matrix through ATP synthase which triggers and catalyzes this reaction ADP + P —> ATP

What % of the body is water?

45%-75% depending on age, body condition and gender

Fluid homeostasis

intake of 2.5L/day balances output

Thirst center location

Hypothalamus

Electrolytes

Chemical compount that dissociate into ions in water (NaCl)

• acid base balacne

• electrical current

• controls osmosis of water between fluid compartments

Electrolytes in body fluids

• Na+ most abundant in blood plasma and interstitial fluid (sodium potassium pump)

• K+ most abundant in intracellular fluid (sodium potassium pump)

Arterial blood pH

7.35 - 7.45

Buffer systems

consist of weak acid (H+ donor) and weak base (H+ acceptor)

prevent rapid drastic changes in pH by converting strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases

Acidosis

blood pH<7.35

Respiratory Acidosis —> hypoventilation

Metabolic acidosis —> increased acid metabolic products, loss of bicarbonate

Alkalosis

Blood pH > 7.45

Respiratory alkalosis —> hyperventilation

Metabolic alkalosis —> loss of acid, alkaline drugs

Thyroid Gland secretes

Thyroid hormone, Calcitonin

Pineal Gland

Melatonin

Pancreas

Glucagon, Insulin

Hypothalamus/posterior pituitary

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Oxytocin

Anterior pituitary

Thyroid stimulating (TSH), Follicle stimulating (FSH), Adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH), melanocyte stimulating (MSH), Human growth (HGH), Prolactin (PRL), Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Adrenal Glands

Cortisol, adrenalin, aldosterone

Parathyroid

parathyroid hormone

Human growth hormone

Stimulates hormones that stimulate body growth and metabolism

adrenocorticotrophic hormone

stimulates secretion of adrenal cortical hormones

(nor)Adrenalin

Fight or flight

Thyroid stimulating hormone

stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones

Thymosin

Maturation of T cells for immune response

Melatonin

helps set biological clock (Sleep)

Calcitonin

decreases blood calcium

Cortisol

increase resistance to stress, blood glucose and decreases inflammation

Parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium levels

oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection

T3,T4

increases basal metabolic rate

Insulin

decreases blood glucose

melanocyte stimulating hormone

darkens skin pigment

antidiuretic hormone

decreases water loss from body

glucagon

increases blood glucose

Prolactin

stimulates production and secretion of milk