Endocrine and Renal Regulation Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering pancreatic hormones, glucose regulation, diabetes mellitus vs. diabetes insipidus, osmotic concepts, and urine concentration tests.

Diabetes Mellitus (Dm)

A condition related to insulin and blood glucose regulation, characterized by increased urination due to osmotic diuresis where glucose in the urine draws water out of the body.

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

A condition involving ADH deficiency/dysfunction and water balance, causing frequent urination and thirst with no impact on blood glucose.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone that regulates water balance; it is normally secreted when dehydration starts to decrease water loss by reducing urine output.

Water Deprivation Test

A test where normal urine becomes concentrated and darker yellow, whereas urine in diabetes insipidus (DI) remains very dilute.

Osmotic Diuresis

Increased urination caused by solutes such as sugar/glucose in the urine drawing water out of the body through osmosis.

Insulin

A hormone secreted by beta cells in the pancreas that lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle cells.

Beta Cells

Pancreatic cells that detect an increase in blood glucose and secrete insulin.

Glucagon

A hormone secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas that increases blood glucose by breaking down glycogen and promoting gluconeogenesis.

Alpha Cells

Pancreatic cells that detect a decrease in blood glucose and secrete glucagon.

Gluconeogenesis

The creation/making of new glucose, which occurs in the liver.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, such as glucose.

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates, such as glycogen.

Osmosis

The 'pull' on water created by a solute (e.g., salt/sugar), causing water to move towards a higher solute concentration.

Osmotic Pressure

The amount of 'pull' generated by solute concentration, where higher solute concentration results in higher osmotic pressure.