A&P Final Exam Review

Many choice: Disrupting the structure of the skin would directly interfere with which of the following processes?  

 a. Defending against pathogens

 b. Moving the arms

 c. Maintaining steady body fluid levels

 d. Maintaining blood glucose

 

a. defending against pathogens

c. maintaining steady body fluid levels

Is it possible to disrupt the structure of skin cells without disrupting the structure of the skin?  

 a. Yes

b. No

b. No

Many choice: Which of the following reactions can occur rapidly in the presence of an enzyme catalyst?

 

An endergonic chemical reaction in the presence of ATP

 

An exergonic chemical in the presence of ATP

 

An exergonic chemical reaction without ATP or any other energy source

 

An endergonic reaction without an energy source

a. an endergonic chemical rxn in the presence of ATP

b. an exergonic chemical rxn in the presence of ATP

c. An exergonic chemical rxn without ATP or any other energy source

Many choice: Endergonic chemical reactions occur in the body because

 

Enzymes catalyze the reaction.

 

Enzymes can capture energy stored in chemical bonds (like ATP).

 Enzymes can change shape

a. enzymes catalyze the rxs

b. enzymes capture energy stored in chemical bonds (like ATPO

c. enzymes can change shape

Many choice: Which of the following usually dissolves well in water?

 

Carbohydrates

 

Lipids

 

Proteins with hydrophobic side chains

 

Ions

a. Carbohydrates

d. Ions

Transcription is the name for a process in which

 

An RNA template is converted to DNA

 

An RNA template is used to assemble proteins from amino acids

 

A DNA template is used to form a complimentary strand of messenger RNA

 

A DNA template is used to form a complimentary protein

 

A DNA template is used to form a complimentary lipid

A DNA template is used to form a complimentary strand of messenger RNA

When treating type 1 diabetes mellitus with insulin injections, what is the role of a glucose meter?

 

A glucose meter serves as a sensor in a negative feedback loop

 

A glucose meter serves as a control center in a negative feedback loop

 

A glucose meter serves as an effector in a negative feedback loop

 

A glucose meter restores homeostasis

a. A glucose meter serves as a sensor in a negative feedback loop

Which of the following would be most detrimental to a cell’s survival?

 

4 defective ribosomes

 

4 defective mitochondria

 

4 defective mRNA molecules

 

4 defective proteins involved in the production of ATP

 

4 defective genes involved in the production of ATP

e. 4 defective genes involved in the production of ATP

mRNA is synthesized in the

 

Ribosome

 

Nucleus

 

Mitochondrion

 

Secretory vesicle

 

Insulin receptor

b. Nucleus

How do forces act on potassium in resting cells?

 

Electrical gradient pushes in; concentration gradient pushes in

 

Electrical gradient pushes in; concentration gradient pushes out

 

Electrical gradient pushes out; concentration gradient pushes in

 

Electrical gradient pushes out; concentration gradient pushes out

b. electrical gradient pushes in; concentration gradient pushes out

When treating type 1 diabetes mellitus with insulin injections, where would we find the control center in the feedback loop?

 

Our spinal ganglia

 

Our brain

 

Our pancreas

 

Our skeletal muscle

 

Our thyroid gland

b. our brain

Which of the following makes up articular cartilage that reduces friction in joints?

 

Fibrocartilage

 

Hyaline cartilage

 

Elastic cartilage

b. Hyaline cartilage

Which of the following tissue types includes cells specialized to communicate with distant parts of the body?

 

Epithelial tissue

 

Connective tissue

 

Muscle tissue

 

Nervous tissue

d. Nervous Tissue

Functional characteristics of this tissue are due to the structure of the extracellular matrix.

 

Epithelial tissue

 

Connective tissue

 

Muscle tissue

 

Neural tissue

 

Brain tissue

b. connective tissue

One side of epithelium is always free

 

True

 

False

a. True

Many choice: Organs contain

 

Epithelial tissue

 

Connective tissue

 

Muscle tissue

 

Nervous tissue

a. epithelial tissue

b. connective tissue

c. muscle tissue

d. nervous tissue

Two sides of epithelial tissue are always attached to connective tissue.

 

True

 

False

b. False

The organizational unit of compact bone is called a(n)

 

Osteoblast

 

Osteoclast

 

Osteon

 

Trabecula

 

Lacuna

c. osteon

Many choice: Which of the following articulate with the humerus in the shoulder joint?

 

The clavicle

 

The scapula

 

The ulna

 

The radius

b. the scapula

Growth of a long bone occurs at the

 

Epiphysis

 

Diaphysis

 

Foramen

a. epiphysis

Many choice: Which of the following are synovial joints?

 

Knee

 

Shoulder

 

Joint between adjacent vertebral bodies

a. knee

b. shoulder

Many choice: Which of the following bones articulate with the humerus in the elbow?

 

The radius

 

The ulna

 

The scapula

 

Two of the carpals

 

The clavicle

a. the radius

b. the ulna

The tissue that surrounds an entire muscle (the organ) is called the

 

Epimysium

 

Perimysium

 

Endomysium

 

Endoneurium

 

Epineurium

a. epimysium

The triceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus) act on the ankle as a 

 

First class lever

 

Second class lever 

 

Third class lever

b. second class lever

When the pectoralis major contracts while throwing a ball, it acts on the arm as a 

 

First class lever

 

Second class lever 

 

Third class lever

c. third class lever

A synergist is a muscle that

 

Assists the prime mover for a motion

 

Assists the antagonist for a motion

 

Is primarily responsible for a movement

 

Is primarily responsible for opposing a movement

a. assists the primer mover for a motion

A muscle that originates on the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the head of the fibula would

 

Flex the knee and flex the hip.

 

Flex the knee and extend the hip.

 

Extend the knee and flex the hip.

 

Extend the knee and extend the hip.

b. flex the knee and extend the hip

A muscle that originates on the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts on radial tuberosity would (you may assume the muscle is located on the anterior side of the arm)

 

Flex the shoulder and flex the elbow.

 

Flex the shoulder and extend the elbow.

 

Extend the shoulder and flex the elbow.

 

Extend the shoulder and extend the elbow.

a. flex the shoulder and flex the elbow

When we throw a ball, the muscles moving our arm exert force on a third class lever. In this case,

 

The distal part of the arm moves faster than the insertion of the brachialis

 

The distal part of the arm moves slower than the insertion of the brachialis

 

The distal part of the arm moves in the opposite direction from the insertion of the brachialis

a. the distal part of the arm moves faster than the insertion of the brachialis

Imagine that the middle head of the deltoid were the only muscle supporting the outstretched arm below.  If the deltoid contracted so that the hand moved at a speed of 1 meter per second, the insertion of the deltoid would move

 

Faster than one meter per second

 

Slower than one meter per second

 

One meter per second

b. slower than one meter per second

The cells that myelinate axons in the central nervous system are

 

Ependymal cells

 

Oligodendrocytes

 

Microglia

 

Schwann cells

 

Astrocytes

b. oligodendrocytes

Ion channels that predominate in the dendrites of neurons are

 

Voltage-gated channels

 

Ligand-gated channels

 

Mechanically-gated channels

b. Ligand-gated channels

During the relative refractory period, voltage-gated potassium channels are

 

Open

 

Closed

 

Inactivated

a. open

Which of the following predominate in a neuron’s dendrites?

 

Action potentials

 

Graded potentials

b. graded potentials

Many choice: Effector tissue in the somatic nervous system consists of

 

Glands

 

Smooth muscle

 

Skeletal muscle

 

The epidermis

c. skeletal muscle

Portions of our brain that coordinate conscious and subconscious thought belong to the

 

Circadian system

 

Cyclical system

 

Limbic system

 

Reflex system

 

Autonomic nervous system

c. limbic system

The simplest processing in the central nervous system involves

 

One synapse

 

Two synapses

 

Three synapses

 

Four synapses

a. one synapse

Where are axon terminals of third order sensory neurons?

 

The precentral gyrus

 

The postcentral gyrus

 

The anterior gray horn of the spinal cord

 

The posterior gray horn of the spinal cord

 

The neuromuscular junction

b. the postcentral gyrus

Of the steps below, which is the first to occur when we decide to contract the biceps brachii muscle?

 

A graded depolarization in the lower motor neuron

 

An action potential in the lower motor neuron

 

A graded depolarization in the upper motor neuron

 

An action potential in the upper motor neuron

 

An action potential in the muscle fiber

c. a graded depolarization in the upper motor neuron

A lesion that cuts the left lateral white matter would block

 

Voluntary control of skeletal muscle on the right side of the body

 

Voluntary control of muscle on the left side of the body

 

Would not block motor control

b. voluntary control of muscle on the left side of the body

A lesion that cuts the left lateral spinothalamic tract would cut axons of

 

First order sensory neurons

 

Second order sensory neuron

 

Third order sensory neurons

b. second order sensory neuron

Where are cell bodies of third order sensory neurons in the spinothalamic tract?

 

The dorsal root ganglion (spinal ganglion)

 

The anterior gray horn of the spinal cord

 

The posterior gray horn of the spinal cord

 

The thalamus

 

The medulla

d. the thalamus

A spinal reflex causing contraction of skeletal muscle involves neurons in the

 

Central nervous system only

 

Peripheral nervous system only

 

Both central and peripheral nervous systems

c. both central and peripheral nervous systems

Temperature sensing neurons are rapidly adapting. If we were to place our hand in cold water, what would happen to the rate of action potentials fired in warm-sensing neurons?

 

Warm-sensing neurons would continuously fire rapid action potentials.

 

Warm-sensing neurons would initially fire rapid action potentials, but the rate of action potentials would gradually slow.

 

Warm-sensing neurons would remain hyperpolarized and never fire action potentials.

 

Warm-sensing neurons would initially hyperpolarize and cease to fire action potentials, but they would gradually increase the rate of action potential generation.

d. warm-setting neurons would initially hyperpolarize and cease to fire action potentials, but they would gradually increase the rate of action potential generation

Which of the following occurs first if we are to become aware of a mosquito on our arm?

 

A graded potential in the central nervous system

 

An action potential in the central nervous system

 

A graded potential in the peripheral nervous system

 

An action potential in the peripheral nervous system

c. a graded potential in the peripheral nervous system

If we cut only the left lateral spinothalamic tract above T6, would the patellar reflex still be active in the left leg?  

 

Yes

 

No

a. Yes

Pain-sensing neurons are slowly adapting. If we were exposed to a painful stimulus over time, what would happen to the rate of action potentials fired in nociceptive neurons?

 

Nociceptive neurons would continuously fire action potentials faster than normal.

 

Nociceptive neurons would initially fire rapid action potentials, but the rate of action potentials would gradually slow.

 

Nociceptive neurons would remain hyperpolarized and never fire action potentials.

 

Nociceptive neurons would initially hyperpolarize and cease to fire action potentials, but they would gradually increase the rate of action potential generation.

a. nociceptive neurons would continuously fire action potentials faster than normal

When we begin to contract our hamstrings, what happens to the rate of action potential generation in neurons innervating the quadriceps?

 

Action potential generation slows

 

Action potential generation speeds up

 

Action potential generation would not be affected

a. action potential generation slows

If we tap the patellar tendon with a hammer, which of the following happens first?  

 

The quadriceps contracts

 

We perceive the tap

a. the quadriceps contracts

When we begin to contract our hamstrings, what happens to the average voltage in dendrites of neurons innervating the quadriceps?

 

The voltage drops

 

The voltage increases

 

The voltage would not change

a. the voltage drops

Temperature sensing neurons are rapidly adapting. If we were to place our hand in cold water, cold sensing neurons would initially

 

Depolarize quickly

 

Hyperpolarize quickly

 

Not change their membrane potential

a. depolarize quickly

Many choice: Which of the following could cause a graded membrane potential in a peripheral nerve? 

 

Mechanical stretch

 

Change in temperature

 

Light

 

Vibration

 

Chemicals

a. mechanical stretch

b. change in temperature

c. light

d. vibration

e. chemicals

Acetylcholine release in parasympathetic ganglia would ___________ heart rate

 

Increase

 

Decrease

b. decrease

Does epinephrine cause depolarization of all target tissue?

 

Yes

 

No

b. no

Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors cause ____________ calcium release in blood vessel smooth muscle

 

Increased

 

Decreased

a. increased

Beta 1 adrenergic receptors

 

Increase heart rate

 

Decrease heart rate

 

Affect only skeletal muscle

a. increase heart rate

All long autonomic reflexes involve synapses in the hypothalamus.

 

True

 

False

b. false

The master regulator of autonomic activity is located in the

 

Cerebrum

 

Hypothalamus

 

Thalamus

 

Cerebellum

 

Brainstem

b. hypothalamus

Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors cause ___________ in blood vessel smooth muscle

 

Contraction

 

Relaxation

a. contraction

Does acetylcholine always cause depolarization of its target cell?

 

Yes

 

No

b. no

Acetylcholine release in sympathetic ganglia would ___________ heart rate

 

Increase

 

Decrease

a. increase

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

 

Increase heart rate

 

Decrease heart rate

 

Affect only skeletal muscle

b. decrease heart rate

Cells that depolarize in response to movement are

 

Hair cells

 

Rods

 

Cones

 

Olfactory neurons

 

Gustatory epithelial cells

a. hair cells

Which of the following changes shape to regulate the amount of light hitting the retina?

 

Smooth muscle in the iris

 

Smooth muscle in the ciliary body

 

Smooth muscle in the sclera

 

Elastic tissue in the lens

 

Smooth muscle in the optic nerve

a. smooth muscle in the iris

Which of the following are not located in the fovea?

 

Rods

 

Cones

a. rods

Which of the following is the first to move in response to sound?

 

The tympanic membrane

 

The auricle

 

The auditory tube

 

The round window

 

The oval window

a. the tympanic membrane

Which of the following is controlled by the nervous system to focus the eye?  

 

Smooth muscle in the iris

 

Smooth muscle in the ciliary body

 

Smooth muscle in the sclera

 

Elastic tissue in the lens

 

Smooth muscle in the optic nerve

b. smooth muscle in ciliary body

Which of the following change shape to focus images on the retina?

 

The cornea

 

The lens

 

The iris

 

The sclera

b. the lens

Both rods and cones have proteins that change shape when hit by specific photons.

 

True

 

False

a. true

Is it possible to disrupt the structure of a tissue without disrupting the structure of the cells that are in the tissue?  

 Yes

No

yes

If pancreatic beta cells are destroyed, will injected insulin lower blood glucose?

 

Yes

 

No

yes

If blood sodium dropped to dangerously low levels, how might you treat the patient?

 

By administering a hypotonic solution

 

By administering a hypertonic solution

 

By administering isotonic saline

by administering a hypertonic solution

Glucose moves across the plasma membrane of a fat cell by

 

Simple diffusion 

 

Facilitated diffusion

 

Active transport

facilitated diffusion

One side of epithelium is always attached to connective tissue.

 

True

 

False

true

Many choice: The structural properties of connective tissue are primarily due to the properties of

 

The ground substance in the tissue

 

The protein fibers in the extracellular matrix

 

The cells that make up the tissue

the ground substance in the tissue, the protein fibers in the extracellular matrix

Many choice: Which of the following are sensory receptors in the skin?

 

Pacinian corpuscle

 

Meisner’s corpuscle

 

Hair follicle receptor

pacinian corpuscle, meisners corpuscle, hair follicle receptor

Blood vessels supplying the epidermis run through

 

Epithelial tissue in the epidermis

 

Epithelial tissue in the dermis

 

Connective tissue in the epidermis

 

Connective tissue in the dermis

 

Cells in the epidermis do not need a blood supply because they obtain all necessary nutrients from the air

connective tissue in the dermis

Which of the following types of bone contains osteons?

 

Spongy bone

 

Compact bone

 

Soft bone

 

Hard bone

Compact bone

The cartilage the covers the lateral condyle of the femur consists of

 

Bone

 

Hyaline cartilage

 

Fibrocartilage

 

Elastic cartilage

hyaline cartilage

The structural units of spongy bone are

 

Osteoblasts

 

Osteoclasts

 

Osteons

 

Trabeculae

 

Lacunae

trabeculae

Many choice: Joints between adjacent vertebra include

 

Fibrocartilaginous joints

 

Synovial joints

 

Sutures

fibrocartilaginous joints, synovial joints

Many choice: Which of the following is a synovial joint?

 

A suture in the cranium

 

The facet joint between vertebra

 

The joint between the teeth and the mandible

the facet between vertebra

In skeletal muscle, the protein that covers myosin binding sites when the muscle is at rest is

 

Actin

 

Troponin

 

Tropomyosin

 

Myosin

tropomyosin

A muscle that originates on the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the head of the fibula would

 

Flex the knee and flex the hip.

 

Flex the knee and extend the hip.

 

Extend the knee and flex the hip.

 

Extend the knee and extend the hip.

flex the knee and extend the hip

A muscle that originates on the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts on radial tuberosity would (you may assume the muscle is located on the anterior side of the arm)

 

Flex the shoulder and flex the elbow.

 

Flex the shoulder and extend the elbow.

 

Extend the shoulder and flex the elbow.

 

Extend the shoulder and extend the elbow.

flex the shoulder and flex the elbow

The triceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus) act on the ankle as a 

 

First class lever

 

Second class lever 

 

Third class lever

second class lever

When the pectoralis major contracts while throwing a ball, it acts on the arm as a 

 

First class lever

 

Second class lever 

 

Third class lever

third class lever

If a neuron’s resting membrane potential is -70 mV and there were consistent graded membrane potentials, you would expect the voltage inside the cell to become 

 

More negative

 

More positive

 

I need more information

I need more information

Which of the following would relax a neuron?

 

Sodium moving into a cell

 

Chloride moving into a cell

 

Potassium moving into a cell

chloride moving into a cell

Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. From this information, you know that most glutamate receptors

 

Depolarize a neuron

 

Hyperpolarize a neuron

 

Are voltage-gated

 

I need more information.

depolarize neuron

Our primary motor cortex is located in the

 

Frontal lobes

 

Parietal lobes

 

Temporal lobes

 

Occipital lobes

 

Thalamus

frontal lobes

When a person has a stroke that particularly affects the ability to speak even though they can understand, you suspect damage to the

 

Left frontal lobe

 

Left temporal and parietal lobes

 

Left occipital lobe

 

Right temporal and parietal lobes

 

Right occipital lobe

left frontal lobe

A stroke the specifically affects the ability to understand language would damage

 

Left frontal lobe

 

Left temporal and parietal lobes

 

Left occipital lobe

 

Right frontal lobe

 

Right occipital lobe

left temporal and parietal lobes

A lesion that cuts the left dorsal column would cut

 

First order sensory neurons

 

Second order sensory neurons

 

Third order sensory neurons

first order sensory neurons

Our primary somatosensory cortex is located in the

 

Frontal lobes

 

Parietal lobes

 

Temporal lobes

 

Occipital lobes

 

Thalamus

parietal lobes

Where are cell bodies of second order sensory neurons in the spinothalamic tract?

 

The dorsal root ganglion (spinal ganglion)

 

The anterior gray horn of the spinal cord

 

The posterior gray horn of the spinal cord

 

The thalamus

 

The medulla

the posterior gray horn of the spinal cord

Temperature sensing neurons are rapidly adapting. If we were to place our hand in cold water, cold sensing neurons would initially

 

Depolarize quickly

 

Hyperpolarize quickly

 

Not change their membrane potential

depolarize quickly

Many choice: Spinal nerves may be

 

Sensory only

 

Motor only

 

Mixed

mixed

If a patient exhibits hyperreflexia and spastic paralysis, you would suspect a problem with

 

Upper motor neurons

 

Lower motor neurons

 

First order sensory neurons

 

Second order sensory neurons

 

Third order sensory neurons

upper motor neurons

Cell bodies of lower motor neurons are located in the

 

Peripheral nervous system

 

Central nervous system

 

Either the PNS or CNS

central nervous system