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The skin is the largest single organ of the body, typically accounting for ____ of total body weight
integumentum
The Skin is also known as the Integument which can from the Latin word “____” which means covering
Ectodermal origin
The epidermis is an epithelial layer of what origin?
Protective
it acts as a physical barrier against thermal and mechanical insults such as frictional forces and against potential pathogens
Sensory
allows the skin to constantly monitor the environment
Thermoregulatory
Constant body temperature is maintained due to skin insulating components and mechanisms for accelerating heat loss
Metabolic
The skin synthesize vitamin D3, needed for calcium metabolism and proper bone formation
Pigmentation of Hair
visual indicator of health involved in attraction of health between the sexes in all vertebrae species
Sexual signalling
The effects of sex pheromones produced by the apocrine sweat glands and other skin glands are also important for this attraction
Stratified Keratinized Squamous Epithelium
What is the primary tissue composition of the Epidermis?
Keratinocytes
Primary cells located at the Epidermis
Melanocytes
also known as pigment-producing cells
Langerhans cells
Antigen Presenting cells
Merkel cells
Tactile epithelial cells
Stratum corneum
20-30 layers of dead, flattened, anucleate, keratin-filled keratinocytes called squames
Stratum lucidum
2-3 layers of anucleate, dead cells; seen only in thick skin
keratohyaline granules.
The stratum granulosum has a cytoplasm filled with intensely basophilic masses called
Stratum granulosum
3-5 layers of keratinocytes with distinct keratohyaline granules which are intensely basophilic
Stratum spinosum
Thickest layer of the epidermis
Stratum germinativum
The spinous layer of the epidermis is also known as?
Stratum basale
Single layer of cuboidal to low columnar cells in contact with with basement membrane
Mitosis
What cell cycle happens at the basal layer of the epidermis?
Stratum lucidum
What layer is found in the Thick skin but is absent on the Thin skin?
Melanocytes
A pale staining, rounded cell bodies located at the basal epidermis and protects nuclear DNA from UV damage
Eumelanin
A brown or black pigment found in hair follicles
Pheomelanin
The similar pigment found in Red Hair
Phaios
Pheomelanin came from the Greek word “____” which means Dusky
Black
The Greek word “melas” means ____
Langerhans cells
monocyte derived macrophage
Basement membrane
It connects dermis with epidermis
Microvascular subpapillary plexus
What lies between the papillary and reticular dermal layer?
arteriovenous anastosomes
The thermoregulatory functions of the dermis is done by _____
Subcutaneous layer
also known as Hypodermis or superficial fascia
Uncapsulated
Capsulated
Two types of sensory receptors
Capsulated sensory receptors
More complex structures with sensory fibers enclosed by glia and delicate connective tissue capsules
Uncapsulated sensory receptors
Simple nerve endings with no schwann cell or collagenous coverings
Merkel cells
Free nerve endings
Root hair plexus
Types of uncapsulated receptors
Free nerve endings
respond primarily to high and low temperatures, pain and itching.
Merkel cells
tonic receptors for sustained light touch and for sensing an object’s texture.
Root Hair plexus
surrounding the bases of hair follicles in the reticular dermis that detects movements of the hairs
Meissner corpuscles
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
Krause end bulbs
Ruffini corpuscles
Types of capsulated receptors
Meissner corpuscles
initiate impulses when light-touch or low-frequency stimuli against skin
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
for detection of pressure or firm touch
Ruffini corpuscles
collagenous, fusiform capsules anchored firmly to the surrounding connective tissue.
Krause End bulbs
simpler encapsulated, ovoid structures, with extremely thin, collagenous capsules penetrated by a sensory fiber
Hair
are elongated keratinized structures that form within epidermal invaginations
Hair bulb
The growing hair follicle has a terminal dilation called a
Hair shaft
the part of a hair extending beyond the skin surface is the
Arrector pili muscle
a small bundles of smooth muscle cells that contracts and pull the hair shaft to a more erect position
Internal Root Sheath
External Root Sheath
The outermost cells of the hair bulb are continuous with the epithelial root sheath. which two layers can be recognized?
Internal root sheath
completely surrounds the initial part of the hair root but degenerates above the level of the attached sebaceous glands.
External root sheath
covers the internal sheath and extends all the way to the epidermis, where it is continuous with the basal and spinous layers.
Anagen
Catagen
Telogen
What are the major phase of a hair growth?
Anagen
A generally long period of mitotic activity and growth
Catagen
A brief period of arrested growth and regression of the hair bulb
Telogen
A final period of inactivity during which the hair may be shed
Medulla
large vacuolated and moderately keratinized cells and center of the root
Cortex
Densely packed, heavily keratinized and surrounds the medulla
Cuticle
Outermost layer of the Hair root
Nails
Hard plates of keratin on the dorsal surface of each distal phalanx
Nail root
Proximal part of the nail
Nail bed
Contains only the basal and spinous epidermal layers
Nail plate
bound to a bed of epidermis, the nail bed, which contains only the basal and spinous epidermal layers.
Hyponychium
The distal end of the plate becomes free of the nail bed at the epidermal fold called the
Nail matrix
area where cells divide, move distally, and become keratinized in a process somewhat similar to hair formation but without keratohyaline granules.
Sebum
a complex mixture of lipids that includes wax esters, squalene, cholesterol, and triglycerides that are hydrolyzed by bacterial enzymes after secretion.
Holocrine secretion
What type of secretion is a sebaceous glands
False: Merocrine
True or False: The apocrine sweat glands show Holocrine, not apocrine secretion
Glycolipids and lipids
which components of the epidermis provides sealant between adjacent cells
Glassy membrane
What separates the hair follicle from the connective tissue of the dermis?
Dense irregular connective tissue
which structure typifies reticular dermis but not papillary dermis?
Papillary Layer
Reticular Layer
Two layers of Dermis
Loose connective tissue
Adipocytes
Tissue/cell Present in the hypodermis
Stratum corneum
Layer of the skin that protects against friction and water loss