Integumentary System

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74 Terms

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15%-20%

The skin is the largest single organ of the body, typically accounting for ____ of total body weight

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integumentum

The Skin is also known as the Integument which can from the Latin word “____” which means covering

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Ectodermal origin

The epidermis is an epithelial layer of what origin?

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Protective

it acts as a physical barrier against thermal and mechanical insults such as frictional forces and against potential pathogens

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Sensory

allows the skin to constantly monitor the environment

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Thermoregulatory

Constant body temperature is maintained due to skin insulating components and mechanisms for accelerating heat loss

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Metabolic

The skin synthesize vitamin D3, needed for calcium metabolism and proper bone formation

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Pigmentation of Hair

visual indicator of health involved in attraction of health between the sexes in all vertebrae species

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Sexual signalling

The effects of sex pheromones produced by the apocrine sweat glands and other skin glands are also important for this attraction

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Stratified Keratinized Squamous Epithelium

What is the primary tissue composition of the Epidermis?

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Keratinocytes

Primary cells located at the Epidermis

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Melanocytes

also known as pigment-producing cells

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Langerhans cells

Antigen Presenting cells

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Merkel cells

Tactile epithelial cells

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Stratum corneum

20-30 layers of dead, flattened, anucleate, keratin-filled keratinocytes called squames

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Stratum lucidum

2-3 layers of anucleate, dead cells; seen only in thick skin

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keratohyaline granules.

The stratum granulosum has a cytoplasm filled with intensely basophilic masses called

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Stratum granulosum

3-5 layers of keratinocytes with distinct keratohyaline granules which are intensely basophilic

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Stratum spinosum

Thickest layer of the epidermis

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Stratum germinativum

The spinous layer of the epidermis is also known as?

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Stratum basale

Single layer of cuboidal to low columnar cells in contact with with basement membrane

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Mitosis

What cell cycle happens at the basal layer of the epidermis?

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Stratum lucidum

What layer is found in the Thick skin but is absent on the Thin skin?

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Melanocytes

A pale staining, rounded cell bodies located at the basal epidermis and protects nuclear DNA from UV damage

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Eumelanin

A brown or black pigment found in hair follicles

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Pheomelanin

The similar pigment found in Red Hair

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Phaios

Pheomelanin came from the Greek word “____” which means Dusky

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Black

The Greek word “melas” means ____

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Langerhans cells

monocyte derived macrophage

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Basement membrane

It connects dermis with epidermis

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Microvascular subpapillary plexus

What lies between the papillary and reticular dermal layer?

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arteriovenous anastosomes

The thermoregulatory functions of the dermis is done by _____

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Subcutaneous layer

also known as Hypodermis or superficial fascia

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  • Uncapsulated

  • Capsulated

Two types of sensory receptors

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Capsulated sensory receptors

More complex structures with sensory fibers enclosed by glia and delicate connective tissue capsules

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Uncapsulated sensory receptors

Simple nerve endings with no schwann cell or collagenous coverings

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  • Merkel cells

  • Free nerve endings

  • Root hair plexus

Types of uncapsulated receptors

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Free nerve endings

respond primarily to high and low temperatures, pain and itching.

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Merkel cells

tonic receptors for sustained light touch and for sensing an object’s texture.

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Root Hair plexus

surrounding the bases of hair follicles in the reticular dermis that detects movements of the hairs

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  • Meissner corpuscles

  • Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

  • Krause end bulbs

  • Ruffini corpuscles

Types of capsulated receptors

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Meissner corpuscles

initiate impulses when light-touch or low-frequency stimuli against skin

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Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

for detection of pressure or firm touch

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Ruffini corpuscles

collagenous, fusiform capsules anchored firmly to the surrounding connective tissue.

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Krause End bulbs

simpler encapsulated, ovoid structures, with extremely thin, collagenous capsules penetrated by a sensory fiber

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Hair

are elongated keratinized structures that form within epidermal invaginations

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Hair bulb

The growing hair follicle has a terminal dilation called a

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Hair shaft

the part of a hair extending beyond the skin surface is the

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Arrector pili muscle

a small bundles of smooth muscle cells that contracts and pull the hair shaft to a more erect position

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  • Internal Root Sheath

  • External Root Sheath

The outermost cells of the hair bulb are continuous with the epithelial root sheath. which two layers can be recognized?

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Internal root sheath

completely surrounds the initial part of the hair root but degenerates above the level of the attached sebaceous glands.

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External root sheath

covers the internal sheath and extends all the way to the epidermis, where it is continuous with the basal and spinous layers.

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  • Anagen

  • Catagen

  • Telogen

What are the major phase of a hair growth?

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Anagen

A generally long period of mitotic activity and growth

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Catagen

A brief period of arrested growth and regression of the hair bulb

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Telogen

A final period of inactivity during which the hair may be shed

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Medulla

large vacuolated and moderately keratinized cells and center of the root

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Cortex

Densely packed, heavily keratinized and surrounds the medulla

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Cuticle

Outermost layer of the Hair root

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Nails

Hard plates of keratin on the dorsal surface of each distal phalanx

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Nail root

Proximal part of the nail

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Nail bed

Contains only the basal and spinous epidermal layers

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Nail plate

bound to a bed of epidermis, the nail bed, which contains only the basal and spinous epidermal layers.

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Hyponychium

The distal end of the plate becomes free of the nail bed at the epidermal fold called the

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Nail matrix

area where cells divide, move distally, and become keratinized in a process somewhat similar to hair formation but without keratohyaline granules.

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Sebum

a complex mixture of lipids that includes wax esters, squalene, cholesterol, and triglycerides that are hydrolyzed by bacterial enzymes after secretion.

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Holocrine secretion

What type of secretion is a sebaceous glands

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False: Merocrine

True or False: The apocrine sweat glands show Holocrine, not apocrine secretion

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Glycolipids and lipids

which components of the epidermis provides sealant between adjacent cells

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Glassy membrane

What separates the hair follicle from the connective tissue of the dermis?

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Dense irregular connective tissue

which structure typifies reticular dermis but not papillary dermis?

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  • Papillary Layer

  • Reticular Layer

Two layers of Dermis

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  • Loose connective tissue

  • Adipocytes

Tissue/cell Present in the hypodermis

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Stratum corneum

Layer of the skin that protects against friction and water loss