Cancer biology

Adenoma

Benign neoplasm derived from glandular cells

Papilloma

Benign neoplasm derived from epithelial cells

(Tissue name)-oma

Benign neoplasm derived from mesenchymal cells e.g. fibroma, myoma, osteoma, chondroma, lipoma

Carcinoma

Malignant neoplasm derived from epithelial cells

Sarcoma

Malignant neoplasm derived from mesenchymal cells

Lymphoma

Malignant neoplasm derived from lymphocytes.

Melanoma

Malignant neoplasm derived from melanocytes.

Teratoma

Malignant neoplasm derived from germ cells.

Leukemia

Malignant neoplasm derived from leukocytes (WBC)

Myeloma

Malignant neoplasm derived from plasma cells

Types of dysplasia

Sessile, polyp, papillary, fungating, ulcerated, annular

What is cellular pleomorphism

Cells are uneven size

What is nuclear pleomorphism

Cells are shaped abnormally

What is hyperchromatism

Cells have dark nuclei

What does increased # mitotic figures mean

Higher number of cells undergoing mitosis

Characteristic of benign tumor

Slow growth, infrequent mitosis, look like normal tissue, rare metastasis, rare ulceration and apoptosis, no invasion

Characteristic of malignant tumor

Fast growth, frequent mitosis, does not look like normal tissue, metastasis common, ulceration and apoptosis present, invasion common

What are hamartomas

Benign made of two cell types caused by failure of regression during embryo → Looks malignant but is not; common is in the lung

Characteristic of carcinoma

Epithelial origin, malignant, common, lymph metastasis, has in situ phase, >50 year old common

Characteristic of sarcoma

Connective tissue origin, malignant, rare, blood metastasis, <50 year old common

Stages of tumor metastasis

Detachment → Invasion → Intravasation → Evasion → Adherence → Extravasation

What is intravasation

Move from connective tissue into lumen of vessel

What is extravasation

Cell from vessel lumen into tissue

What is TNM system

Tumor size, N = lymph metastasis, M = distant metastasis; DOES NOT WORK FOR BLOOD CANCER

Common site of metastasis

Lung (systemic circulation), brain, bone (fenestration = easy to enter), liver (portal circulation)

HTLV-1 relation to cancer

Cause Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma from c-fos, IL2 transcription caused by HTLV1 TAX gene

HPV relation to cancer

Cause cervical SSC from E6 and E7 production that interfere with p53 and RB

EBV relation to cancer

Cause B cell lymphoma, Hodgkin, Burkitt from activation of LMP1 → NF-kb JAK/STAT pathway activation

HBV relation to cancer

Causes hepatocellular carcinoma by binding to p53

HHV8 relation to cancer

Causes primary effusion lymphoma, Kaposi sarcoma, plasmablastic lymphoma from production of oncoprotein that looks like IL6

Types of protooncogenes

Growth factor and its receptor, signal transduction protein, transcription factor, apoptosis inhibitors

What is multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome (MEN)

Auto dom; mutation of MEN1 (MEN1) or RET1 (MEN2)

What is xeroderma pigementosum

Auto rec; XP mutant inherited from UV DNA lesion → Lack NDA nucleotide excision repair → Higher skin cancer rate

What is Familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP)

Auto dom; APC gene mutation → Polyp formation in colon that becomes cancerous

What is Lynch syndrome or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPC)

Auto dom; mutation of MLH1 or MSH2 involved in DNA mismatch repair and insertion/deletion loop repair → Cancer WITHOUT polyp

What is von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

Auto dom; mutation of VHL

What is Li Fraumeni syndrome

Auto dom; mutation of TP53

What is retinoblastoma syndrome

Auto dom; mutation of RB1

What is Familial breast and ovarian cancer syndrome

Auto dom; BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation