CHAPTER 1: ANAPY LAB

anatomical position

it is the standard reference position

anatomical position

it is always referenced when describing the location of certain body parts

Anatomical Position

• the subject stands erect, facing forward

• with arms straight at the sides of the body and palms facing forward

• the legs are straight, feet flat on the floor, and positioned slightly apart.

explain how the anatomical position looks like

1. axial region

2. appendicular regions

what is the two major regions that can be identified externally on the body?

1. head (cephalic)

2. neck (cervical)

3. trunk

what are the body parts located in the axial region?

Appendicular Region

What is the region made up of the upper and lower limbs.

head (cephalic)

body part that includes the skull and the face

skull

bony part of the head that encloses and protects the brain

Face

what is the anterior front portion of the head where the eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks, and chin are found

Neck

It supports the head and attached it to the trunk.

Neck

It can be found between the head and the trunk.

Trunk

The body part that includes the chest, abdomen, pelvis, and back.

Chest

The body part found anteriorly between the neck and abdomen

Abdomen

Body part found anteriorly between the chest and pelvis

Back

Found in the posterior portion of the trunk that is between the neck and the buttocks

Upper Limbs

These are attach to the trunk by the shoulder girdle, includes the clavicle anteriorly and the scapula posteriorly

Shoulder

It is the part of the body where the upper limb is attached to the shoulder girdle

Arm

Part of UL from the shoulder to the elbow

Forearm

Part of UL from elbow to wrist

Wrist

Part of UL which connects the hand to the forearm

Hand

Part of the UL, includes the palms and fingers

Lower Limbs

are attached to the trunk by the pelvic girdle consisting of the ilium, ischium, and pubic bones

Buttocks

Posterior rounded area in the pelvis where the thigh is attached

Thigh

part of the LL that is attached to the pelvis

Leg

Part of the LL from the knee to the ankle

Ankle

Portion of the LL that attaches the foot to the leg

Foot

Part or the LL, composed of the soles and toes

Anatomical Terms

It provide a precise, standardized frame of reference in describing the human body.

Anatomical Terms

These terms aim to eliminate ambiguity and medical error.

Anatomical Terms

This describes the different body regions and specific body areas, defined by visible and palpable surface landmarks, as well as the relation of body parts.

1. axial

2. head

3. cranial

4. facial

5. orbital

6. frontal

7. otic

8. nasal

9. buccal

10. mouth

11. mental

12. occipital

13. cervical

14. thoracic

15. sternal

16. mammary

17. abdominal

	central part of the body, which includes the head and the trunk
Cephalic
	portion of the skull surrounding the brain
	face
	eye
	forehead
	ear
	nose
	cheek
Oral
	chin
	back of the head
	neck
	chest
	breast bone
	breast
	anterior body trunk inferior to the ribs

1. Umbilical

2. Coxal

3. Pelvic

4. Pubic

5. Dorsal

6. Scapular

7. Vertebral

8. Lumbar

9. Appendicular

10. Acromial

11. Axillary

12. Brachial

13. Antecubical

14. Olecranal

15. Antebrachial

16. Volar

17. Carpal

18. Palmar

19. Digital

20. Inguinal

21. Gluteal

22. Femollar

23. Patellar

24. Popliteal

25. Crural

26. Sural

27. Fibular/Peroneal

28. Tarsal

29. Pedal

30. Plantar

31. Calcaneal

TABLE 1.2	Anatomical Terms (Continuation)
Anatomical term	Definition
	navel
	hip
	pelvis
	genital area
	back
	shoulder
	area of spine
	area of back between ribs and hips
	extremities or limbs
	highest point of shoulder
	armpit
	upper arm
	anterior surface of elbow
	elbow
	forearm
	antero-medial aspect of the forearm
	wrist
	palm
	digits or fingers (upper limb); toes (lower limb)
	groin
	buttocks
	thigh
	anterior surface of the knee
	posterior surface of the knee
	anterior surface of the leg
	posterior surface of the leg
	lateral side of the leg
	ankle
	foot
	sole of foot
	heel

Directional Terms

These specify the location of one body structure to another.

Directional Terms

These terms are used to describe the spatial relationships between body structures.

Superior

?	This means above; refers to the upper part of a structure or the body

Inferior

?	means below; refers to the lower part of a structure or the body

Anterior

?	means in front of; front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

?	behind; - refers to the backside of the body

Medial

?	on the inner side of; near the midline of the body

Lateral

?	on the outer side of; farther from the midline of the body

Intermediate

?	between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Ipsilateral

?	on the same side of the body as another structure

Contralateral

?	on the opposite side of the body from another structure

Proximal

?	close to the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk; near the origin

Distal

?	farther from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk; away from the point of origin

1. superficial

2. deep

?	near the surface of the body
?	away from the surface of the body; more internal

planes

Parts of the body are studied relative to —— or surfaces.

Fundamental planes

These are fixed, imaginary flat surfaces that pass through various body parts, producing exposed surfaces known as sections.

sections

Studying a body region often involves viewing it in —, focusing on a single flat surface of a three-dimensional structure.

Saggital Plane

?	a vertical plane that divides an organ or the body into right and left halves

mid-saggital plane

median plane

?	passes through the midline of an organ or the body, and divides the organ or the body into equal right and left halves

Parasagittal Plane

?	does not pass through the midline, but divides an organ or the body into unequal halves

Frontal or Coronal Plane

?	divides an organ or the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Transverse or Cross-sectional or Horizontal Plane

?	divides an organ or the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

oblique plane

?	a plane that passes through an organ or the body at an angle between the transverse plane and either sagittal or frontal plane