Urinary and Reproductive Systems Review

Flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture on the urinary, reproductive, and other systems.

What are the major organs of the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

The nephron.

List the parts of the nephron.

Glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule.

What are the three processes of urine formation?

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

Where does filtration occur?

In the glomerulus.

What hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidney?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

What hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the nephron?

Aldosterone.

What does Benedict's test detect in urine?

The presence of sugar (glucose).

What is the normal pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45.

What is acidosis?

A blood pH below 7.35.

What is alkalosis?

A blood pH above 7.45.

What are the three major buffer systems in the body?

Bicarbonate buffer, protein buffer, phosphate buffer.

Write the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer equation.

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-.

What causes respiratory acidosis?

Hypoventilation, leading to CO2 retention.

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

Hyperventilation, causing CO2 loss.

What process reduces chromosome number by half in gametes?

Meiosis.

What are the stages of meiosis I?

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I.

What process in meiosis increases genetic variation?

Crossing over and independent assortment.

How many viable gametes result from spermatogenesis?

Four.

How many viable gametes result from oogenesis?

One (plus three polar bodies).

Where are sperm produced and stored?

Produced in testes, stored in epididymis.

Where are oocytes produced and matured?

In the ovaries.

What is seen in testis histology?

Seminiferous tubules with developing sperm.

What is seen in ovary histology?

Follicles in various stages of development.

What are key external differences between male and female rats?

Males have scrotum and penis; females have vulva and nipples.

What is the function of the diaphragm in the rat?

Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities; aids in respiration.

Name major muscles identified in rat dissection.

Biceps brachii, triceps, deltoid, pectoralis major, obliques, rectus abdominis.

What is the function of the spleen?

Blood filtration and immune response.

What are the formed elements of blood?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.

What does hematocrit measure?

The percentage of red blood cells in blood.

What determines ABO blood type?

Presence of A and/or B antigens on RBCs.

What reaction indicates incompatible blood transfusion?

Agglutination.

What condition is caused by low RBC or hemoglobin?

Anemia.

What condition is characterized by high RBC count?

Polycythemia.

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

Which vessels carry blood to the lungs?

Pulmonary arteries.

Which vessels return blood from the lungs?

Pulmonary veins.

Which valves prevent backflow into the atria?

Atrioventricular (tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral) valves.

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

Prevent backflow into ventricles.

What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?

Ventricular depolarization.

What is the path of airflow from nose to lungs?

Nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

What epithelium lines the trachea?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

What tissue type is found in alveolar walls?

Simple squamous epithelium.

What does a spirometer measure?

Lung volumes and capacities.

What is tidal volume (TV)?

Air volume in a normal breath.

What is vital capacity (VC)?

Maximum air exhaled after maximum inhalation.

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

What organ produces bile?

Liver.

What organ stores bile in humans?

Gallbladder.

What enzymes are produced by the pancreas?

Amylase, protease, lipase.

What are the four layers of the small intestine wall?

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

What affects enzyme activity?

Temperature, pH, emulsification.