Nutrition (Lessons 110, 111, 112)

macronutrients

carbs, proteins, fats, water

carbohydrates

Macronutrients:

primary energy source

proteins

Macronutrients:

building and repairing tissues

fats

Macronutrients:

concentrated energy sources, important for hormone production

water

Macronutrients:

hydration, nutrient transport, regulating body

carbohydrates

fiber (cellulose/hemicellulose)

edible part of a plant that cannot be digested or absorbed in the small intestine

provides energy for gut microbes

protein (amino acids)

lysine, methionine, taurine, tryptophan

crude protein

amount of nitrogen in the feed

omega 3 fatty acids

fats:

enhances the immune system of animals

promotes reproductive efficiency

prevents and tackles the attack of different pathogens

micronutrients

vitamins and minerals

vitamins

organic compounds needed in small amounts for various metabolic processes

minerals

inorganic elements essential for growth, development, and bodily functions

A, D, E, K

fat-soluble vitamins

B complex, C

water-soluble vitamins

Vitamins

Micronutrients:

structural components, enzyme activity

fat-soluble

vitamin that can be stored and can be toxic in excess

water-soluble

vitamin that is excreted (not stored)

Vitamin A (retinol)

Vitamin:

vision, skin, myelin, immune, growth

Vitamin D

Vitamin:

Ca and P absorption and maintenance, bone health

Vitamin E

Vitamin:

Antioxidant, muscular metabolism, immune support, reproductive health

Vitamin K

Vitamin:

blood clotting factors, prothrombin synthesis, bone metabolism

Vitamin B Complex

Vitamin:

enzymes to utilize nutrients, nerve function, energy metabolism

Vitamin C

Vitamin:

Iron absorption, antioxidant, supports immune health

Vitamin A (retinol)

Vitamin sources:

high quality forages, liver, fish oil

Vitamin D

Vitamin sources:

sun, fish/fish oils, liver, egg, dairy

Vitamin E

Vitamin sources:

green grass, plant oils, cereal grains

Vitamin K

Vitamin sources:

liver, fish, green leafy veggies, alfalfa

Vitamin B Complex

Vitamin sources:

meat, grains, legumes

Vitamin C

Vitamin sources:

citrus fruits, green leafy veggies

Minerals

coenzymes, regulators of metabolism, can be toxic in excess

Macrominerals

Minerals required in larger quantities (> 100mg or more daily)

Microminerals/Trace minerals

Minerals required in smaller amounts (< 100mg or more daily)

Macrominerals

Ca and P

K, Na, and C

Mg

Ca and P

Macrominerals:

bone/teeth, milk, muscle contraction, energy metabolism, cell signaling, nerve transmission

K, Na, and Cl

Macrominerals:

fluid balance, nerve function, muscle contractions

Mg

Macrominerals:

energy production, muscle function, bone health, and enzyme activity

Ca and P

Macromineral sources:

dairy, legumes, alfalfa, meat, bone meal, limestone

K, Na, and Cl

Macromineral sources:

salt block, alfalfa, clover, fish meal

Mg

Macromineral sources:

legumes, grains, green leafy vegetables

Microminerals/Trace minerals

iron, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium

Iron (Fe)

Microminerals/Trace minerals:

oxygen transport in blood, energy metabolism

Zinc (Zn)

Microminerals/Trace minerals:

supports immune function, wound healing/skin health, growth

Copper (Cu)

Microminerals/Trace minerals:

iron metabolism, connective tissue formation, pigmentation of skin and hair, antioxidant function

Iodine (I)

Microminerals/Trace minerals:

thyroid hormone production and regulation of metabolism, growth and brain development

Selenium (Se)

Microminerals/Trace minerals:

Antioxidant, supports thyroid function, immune system health, reproduction

Iron (Fe)

Microminerals/Trace mineral sources:

meat, green leafy veggies, legumes

Zinc (Zn)

Microminerals/Trace mineral sources:

meat, fish, grains, legumes

Copper (Cu)

Microminerals/Trace mineral sources:

shellfish, legumes, forages

Iodine (I)

Microminerals/Trace mineral sources:

fish, dairy, iodized salt

Selenium (Se)

Microminerals/Trace mineral sources:

fish, red meat, grains

Carbohydrate Deficiency

- reduced energy for production (milk, meat, offspring)

- poor reproductive performance

- constipation

- reduced number of live births

- fetal abnormalities

Carbohydrate Deficiency

Sheep, Goats, Cattle

Pathology:

- hypoglycemia

- ketones produced

- rumen stasis

Symptoms:

- reduced appetite

- loss of body condition

- weak muscles

Disease:

- pregnant toxemia

Carbohydrate Excess

Ruminants

Pathology:

- acidosis

- laminitis

Symptoms:

- bloat

- diarrhea

- lethargy

- sudden death

Disease:

- ruminal acidosis

Protein Deficiency

- poor growth or weight loss

- anemia

- muscle wasting

Taurine Deficiency

Cats

Pathology:

- eyes, heart, repro health

Symptoms:

- blindness

- heart failure

- impaired reproduction

Disease:

- retinal degeneration

- dilated cardiomyopathy

- abortion

- low fertility

Fat Deficiency

- poor haircoat

- delayed wound healing

- dry, scaly skin

Fat Deficiency

All species

Pathology:

- poor absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Symptoms:

- thin hair coat

- dry skin

- poor growth

- impaired immune response

- reproductive issues

Disease:

- vitamin deficiencies

- digestive issues

- poor reproduction

Fat Excess

Dogs

Pathology:

- rapid fat breakdown

- inflamed pancreas

Symptoms:

- anorexia

- vomiting

- weakness

- abdominal pain

- dehydration

Disease:

- pancreatitis

Water Deficiency

All species

Pathology:

- hemoconcentration

- electrolyte imbalances

- impaired nerve and muscle function

Symptoms:

- reduce feed intake

- dry feces

- dry skin

- sunken eyes

- weight loss

- death

Disease:

- kidney issues

- GI disorders

- heat stress

Vitamin A (Retinol) Deficiency

All species (cats)

Cats cannot convert beta carotene into retinol, need source from diet

Pathology:

- vision

- immune function

- poor growth

- repro issues

Symptoms:

- conjunctivitis

- dry eye

- keratitis

Disease:

- ocular diseases (night blindness)

Vitamin A (Retinol) Excess

All species (cats)

Pathology:

- skeletal deformities

- neck flexion

Symptoms:

- poor hair coat

- weakness

- painful/limited movement due to bone abnormalities and painful joints

Disease: Hypervitaminosis A

Vitamin D Deficiency

All species

Pathology:

- imbalance of Ca and P absorption

- weakened bone density

Symptoms:

- poor growth

- weakness

- difficulty standing

Disease:

- Rickets (young animals)

- Osteomalacia (old animals)

Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency

Ruminants, Horses, Pigs

Pathology:

- lack of antioxidants

- muscle degeneration

Symptoms:

- weak offspring

- sudden death

Disease:

- white muscle disease

Vitamin K Deficiency

All species (dogs and cats)

Pathology:

- affects the production of clotting factors

Symptoms:

- excessive bleeding

- prolonged clotting times

Disease:

- malabsorption diseases

Vitamin B1 Thiamine Deficiency

Cats, Young Growing Ruminants

Pathology:

- thiaminase destroys thiamine

Symptoms:

- neurological signs (ventroflextion)

- circling

- head tilt

- anorexia

- ataxia

- head pressing (calves)

- star gazing (calves)

Disease:

- __________________

- polioencephalomalacia

Vitamin B12 Cobalamin Deficiency

Dogs and Cats

Pathology:

- GI disease

- pancreatitis

- liver disease

Symptoms:

- weight loss

- unable to gain weight

- weakness

Disease:

- _____________________

Vitamin C Deficiency

Guinea Pigs

Pathology:

- lack of antioxidants

- poor iron absorption

Symptoms:

- rough hair coat

- lethargy

- joint pain

- weight loss

- gum ulcers

Disease:

- hypovitaminosis C (scurvy)

Ca and P Deficiency

All species (foals, weanlings, yearlings)

Pathology:

- Ca/P imbalance

Symptoms:

- brittle bones first noticeable in face

- lameness

Disease:

- secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism (big head disease)

Ca and P Excess

Large breed dogs

Pathology:

- growth deformities

Symptoms:

- lameness

- pain

- decreased mobility

Disease:

- osteochondrosis lesions

- skeletal abnormalities (rickets and/or osteomalacia)

P Excess

Goats, Sheep, Dogs

Pathology:

- kidney affected

Symptoms:

- strained urination

- obstruction

- vocalization due to pain

Disease:

- urolithiasis (urinary stones)

Na, Cl, K Deficiency

All species

Pathology:

- electrolyte imbalances

Symptoms:

- anorexia

- muscle tremors

- dehydration

- unable to maintain fluid balance

Disease:

- hypokalemia

Na, Cl, K Excess

All species (cats)

Pathology:

- renal disease (PU/PD)

Symptoms:

- excessive thirst

- seizures

- diarrhea

Disease:

- salt poisoning

- kidney stress

Na, Cl, K Excess

Pigs (don't sweat)

Pathology:

- neurological signs

Symptoms:

- thirst

- sudden death

- heat stress

Disease:

- salt toxicity (water deprivation)

Magnesium Deficiency

Cattle

Pathology:

- low Mg absorption in blood and CSF

Symptoms:

- muscle spasms

- convulsions

- staggers

- sudden death

Disease:

- grass tetany

Magnesium Excess

Cattle, Cats, Dogs

Pathology:

- impaired nerve impulses

- cardiac problems

- renal disease

Symptoms:

- weakness

- arrythmia

- death

Disease:

- __________________

- uroliths

- struvite crystals

Iron Deficiency

Piglets

Pathology:

- anemia

Symptoms:

- weak piglets

- poor growth

- pale skin

Disease:

- _______________ anemia

Zinc Deficiency

Dogs (Huskies/Malamutes)

Pathology:

- skin crusting

- poor healing

Symptoms:

- scaling around eyes, mouth ,and pressure points

- alopecia

Disease:

- __________ responsive dermatosis

Zinc Deficiency

Pigs

Pathology:

- skin lesions

Symptoms:

- poor skin

- poor growth

Disease:

- parakeratosis

Zinc Excess

Dogs

Pathology:

- anemia

- organ damage

Symptoms:

- GI upset

- vomiting

- diarrhea

Disease:

- __________ poisoning

Copper Deficiency

Sheep, Cattle

Pathology:

- affects iron metabolism

- poor RBC production

Symptoms:

- fatigue

- anemia

Disease:

- Swayback disease

Copper Excess

Ruminants

Pathology:

- RBC destruction

- affects liver and kidneys

Symptoms:

- hemolysis

- weakness

- death

Disease:

- ___________ toxicosis

Copper Excess

Dogs (Bedlington Terriers)

Pathology:

- liver disease

Symptoms:

- weight loss

- anorexia

- jaundice

- PU/PD

Disease:

- _____________________ Storage Disease/hepatopathy

Iodine Deficiency

All species

Pathology:

- reduced T3 and T4 that increase TSH

Symptoms:

- enlarged thyroid gland

Disease:

- goiter (hypothyroidism)