Quiz 6 MES Study Set

internationalism, Amarna

Mid 18th Dynasty 1400-1300 BC

• increasing Canaanite insurgency (Internationalism)

• Peak of _______

• _____ period (Amenhotep III, Akhenaten)

Ramesses II

Early Ramesside, 19th Dynasty 1300-1200 (Jaffa heyday)

• imperial resurgence (______ __)

Early Israel

Late Ramesside 20th Dynasty 1200-1100

• gradual decline of empire (_____ _____)

international age, long

characteristic of an _______ ____

• ____-distance (like 1000s of miles), regional interconnectedness (networks)

  • trade

  • correspondence

  • international treaties

  • we know this because of textual evidence in the Mari letters and such

intensive long-distance

Characteristic of an International Age

• mobility

  • royal personnel, armies, mercenaries, etc

  • ________ ____-_____ trade/exchange

    • not just a one-off expedition, this was a happening on a regular basis

    • the empires you passed through would give you protection

    • accountability and security

attested

was internationalism really new in the Late Bronze Age, or is it just better _____?

great powers club

the ____ ____ ____ (1500 BC)

• egypt

• cyprus (alashiya)

• mitanni (hurrian is the culture)

• babylonia is just a bunch of fragmented city states

• hittites in Anatolia

middle babylonian

the international language of communication and diplomacy (lingua franca) is ______ ______ in 1500 BC

map

the Mari Letters helped us create the ____ of the Near East

kassites

Babylonia has contracted to city states

• ruled by ______, but just a world of city states and not that big or powerful

amenhotep IV

Amarna Letters (Akkadian) in 1350 BC

• from Egyptian capital at Amarna (king is Akhenaten (also ________ ___)

• total about 360 Letters

• international correspondence is 60 letters

  • the rest are vessal correspondence

Hurrian

Mitanni was a country in modern day Syria whose culture was called _____

• don’t know a lot about them

Akkadian, 360

Amarna letters were written in ______ in 1350 BC

• From Egyptian capital at Amarna (King of Akhenaten/Amenhotep IV)

• total about ____ letters

• 60 were international correspondence letters

  • the rest were vassal correspondence

Hattusa

the Hittite Archive

• from Anatolia

• 40,000 fragments and complete documents!!

merchant records

(a tier down from royal correspondence in the archive)

• Alalakh (Akkadian) 1450 BC

• Qatna (Akkadian) 1300 BC

Ugarit, ugaritic

Merchent letters also came from ______ in the language _______ in 1200 BC

• on the coast of the Levant

• We know the names of certain people at different houses because they had letters in their house

brothers

if the correspondence happened between two kings who considered themselves equals, they would call each other ______

father, son

if the correspondence happened between a king and a vassal state, they would call each other ______/___

14

the Amarna Letters are from mid __th century BC

60, 300

the Amarna Letters included __ royal letters from the “Great Powers Club” cities and __ vassal letters from rulers of Canaanite towns to Egyptian pharaoh

copper

Cypress specifically asked for _____ in the Amarna Letters

hittite

______ (indo-european language) can be read and is the language used with the Hittites in Anatolia

hattusha, 30,000

the capital of the Hittites in Anatolia is ____ and it’s a REALLY impressive site

• on very rugged terrain

• has many temples and administrative quarters

• Used cuneiform script to write Hittite and Indo-European language

• bigger than Uruk!

• _______ tablets / fragments

• very expansive empire that spread west

• separated by MOUNTAINS to the east

1200

the Hittite Capital, Hattusha, was destroyed in ____ BC

• same relative time as the collapse of the Bronze Age

jockeying

Egyptian Vassals in Canaan

• 300 Amarna letters to Egyptian vassal city-states in Canaan

• Rivalries and internecine (destruction on both ends) fueds for local power under Egyptian rule

  • lots of ______ for power under Egyptian rule

‘apiru

the _____ (aka the Bronze Age Outcasts)

• Common among Late Bronze Age sources throughout ANE (Amarna Letters) but also earlier in the OB period

• Pan-Near Eastern phenomenon: Mesopotamia to Egypt since MBA

• social identity/category (NOT ethnicity)

• included political and war refugees, social outcasts, orphans, etc

• reveal the limits of palace-based economies where family was the only social security that existed

crossing over

the term ‘apiru literally means “____ ___” into something new/not in the current social structure/social safety net

habiru

some suggest that the ‘apiru sounds enough like ______ or hebrew (the ancient term for the israelites) to make a connection between them

battle of kadesh

the _____ ___ ______ is in 1274 BC between Egypt and the Hittites (Hatti)

• ends in a stalemate and the pharaoh is lucky to have survived the battle

• very well-documented battle

• results in the Treaty of Kadesh 1259 BC

treaty of kadesh

______ ___ _____ 1259 BC

• 16 years after Battle of Kadesh 1275

• between Hattushili and Ramesses II during year 21 of Ramesses II rule

• copy found in both Amun at Karnak in Egypt and Hattusha

refugees

the Treaty of Kadesh involved

• preamble

• statements of prior and present relations

• requirements of treaty

• invocation of divine withnesses

• curses and blessings

• and finally lines about _____

International

________ exchange networks

• palace-based (royal patronage) exchange

  • royal marriages

  • gift exchanges (prestige objects)

  • royally-sponsored trade

copper

gift exchanges between 2 royals was done to keep up royal relations

• sometimes included big commodities like ____

• other times it was smaller items with very high value

overland, maritime

trade under empires by merchants

• _____ trade

• ______ trade (depictions, shipwrecks, etc)

  • Egyptian tomb depictions

  • Ulu Burun (Kas, Turkey) 1305

    • where the Wooden Diptych was found!

  • cargoes along Levantine Coast

  • foreign ceramics containers at sites (many from the Greek world)

ugarit

_____ (Ras Shamra)

• northern Levantine Kingdom

• Ugaritic alphabet was used

  • but used Akkadian to write to people outside

  • if you can read biblical hebrew, you can read this language

• gold dish and bowl were found on acropolis at Ugarit 15th century

  • very engaged in trade

minet al-beida

____ __-____ was Ugarit’s Harbor

• balance and weights and storehouse jars were found

• large scale of production and trade

amphorae

____ were jars made in eastern levant and were basically the Amazon boxes of the ANE

uluburun, ingots

______ shipwreck 1305 BC

• off the coast of Turkey in the Mediterranean

• 20,000 pounds of copper on this ship

• a very wealthy shipwreck

• 1305 BC based on dendrochronology

• metal artifacts

  • _____: >10 tons of copper; tin

  • daggers, weapon heads, tools

• ceramics, scarabs, gold chalice, elephant tusk ivory

• lots of recycling and resale happening

60

ingots weigh ___ kg each!

proto-canaanite, proto-sinaitic

the Development of Alphabetic Scripts

• Ugaritic: alphabetic cuneiform script utilizing 22 signs

• ___-______

  • 22 inscriptions

  • 17-12th centuries BC

  • predecessor of phoenician script

  • Lachish Ewer

• ___-_____

  • alphabet developed from Egyptian hieroglyphs

• other scripts that remain undeciphered exist!

diptych

a wooden ______ writing tool that means “door” was found on the Ulu Burun shipwrech with ivory hinges

long

Ramesses II rules for a ____ time!

abandoned

the Amarna Letters are so well preserved because the site was _____ somewhere around the reign of Tutankhamun

beit shean

Egypt in the Levant ____ _____

• Egyptian Administrative Center

• Stelae of Seti I

  • Set and Horus

  • discusses defeat of rebels nearby

• Stelae of Ramesses II

  • Ramesses II and Amun-Ra

• Statue of Ramesses III

Gubla

in the Amarna letters, Byblos is called ____ and it’s located near the border with Hatti

• Rib-Hadda, the king of byblos, has many letters asking the king of Egypt for aid

alashiya

the name for Cyprus in ANE in letters

iron

the ____ age comes after the collapse of the bronze age

ramesside

late ______ 20th dynasty 1300-1200 BC

• gradual decline of empire with ______ rule (COLLAPSE)

1250-1100

Late Bronze Age destructions span from ____-____ BC

1200

Hittite capital (Hattusha) collapses in _____ BC

1800

Ugarit and Levantine coastal towns collapse in ______ BC

1076

fall of Egyptian empire happens in ____ BC

1177

____ BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed by Eric H. Cline is a book

3.2 ka BP

the ___ __ __ Event in 1250 BC (1000 years after the last climate event)

• droughts and some famine reported in Anatolia in ancient sources; Egypt ships grain to Anatolia

• some signal for more arid conditions 1250-950 BC

• but probably not enough for this to be the sole cause!

not so great, Assyria

The Club of ____ __ _____ Powers (1200 BC)

• Treaty of Kadesh created a division of space between Egypt and Hatti

• So, the big players are Egypt, Hatti, _____, Babylonia, Elam

Merneptah Stele

the ______ ____ (1213-1203 BC) is a helpful source when looking at rebellions happening a little before the collapse

• happens in year 5 of _____’s rule

• includes the name for Israel as a population group!

• brags about maintaining Egypt’s empire after a foreign invasion

ugarit, alashiya

letter from _____ to _____(Cyprus)

• starts with father because _____ is a lesser power than Cyprus

• enemy ships are invading, so it was probably a maritime threat that destroyed the coastal cities in the Levant

naval

Alashiya is a big _____ power because it’s an island

lukka

the ____ are basically pirates that go by sea and attack different nations

call to arms

a ____ __ _____ from Alashiya (Cyprus) to Ugarit

• basically just told Ugarit to defend their city, and that they weren’t sending any aid

• Ugarit is destroyed soon after this exchange

• the Ugarit king’s name is Ammurapi!

mortuary, Ramesses III

the “Peoples of the Sea”

• ______ Temple of _______ ___ (1198-1166 BC) at Medinet Habu, Egypt

  • not a pyramid, but same function

• ______ ___ is known for defending Egypt against an enemy that came to conquer

  • named this enemy the “peoples of the sea”

Medinet Habu, maritime

______ ____ has a MASSIVE relief about a pharaoh (Ramesses III) who is larger than life shooting bows at his enemies

• the battle is ______ with ships!

  • the foreigner ships have ducks and the Egyptian ships have lions

  • the sea people have longer swords and circular shields

year 8

Medinet Habu inscription 1180 BC

• _____ __ under Ramesses III

  • there was a “conspiracy in their islands” in foreign countries

  • Hatti, Kode, Carchemish, Arzawa, and Alashiya were also attacked

  • the “confederation” of foreigners were all “new” names (supposedly)

peoples of the sea

the ______ __ ___ ____

• described in the Temple Reliefs from Medinet Habu

• the groups include

  • Sherden

  • Sikil (Sicily)

  • Tusha

  • Ekwesh

  • Danuna

  • Pelset

• but this DID NOT happen overnight!

  • these groups were around for a LONG time before the actual bronze age collapse and putting the blame on these groups is not completely accurate

pelset

the ______ (Philistine) captives

• look very unique and are described in Egypt as the “sea peoples”

Sherden, shardanu

______/_______: mercenaries for Egypt

• people with helmets and horns with circular shields

• the oldest group!

• free agents in the ancient world and seen fighting on both sides

oldest

the Sherden are the ______ group included in the “sea people”

aegean, battle of kadesh

______ Mercenaries in the East

• Sherden/Shardanu 1350 BC

  • in Canaan, near Akko

  • in service to Egypt, attacked near Byblos

• Sherden serving at ____ __ _____!!

• Pelset (Philistines) service already before 1180 BC

sherden, philistia

Aegean Mercenaries in the East came from settled groups in Egypt (_____) and Egyptian territories (Canaan in _____)

denyen, tjekker

Egyptian Settlement of Sea Peoples: after 1180 BC

• Ramesses III talks about overthrowing the “sea people”

• “I slew the ____ in their islands, while the _____ and the Pelset were made ashes. the Sherden and the Weshesh of the sea were made nonexistant.

  • basically, Ramesses III captured people and gave them land to help out Egyptian fortresses

west

who were the “Peoples of the Sea”?

• loose confederation of people from the “____” or Aegean world

• had their own material culture

• demographic pressures might have made them move

• Hittite imperial expansion into Anatolia?

• Destructions in Greece and Western Anatolia from 1250BC

economic

Nearly complete disruption of LBA international _______ system of trade between Mediterranean and Near East because of Sea People

migration

______ in the Eastern Mediterranean

• Historical memories of decline and migrations after Trojan war

• Colonial foundation stories in Greek tradition

  • Troy and Odyssius

• Some groups begin to appear in Near East

• some groups begin to appear in Near East

• this was a very complex and long-term process!

philistia

______ is in the Gaza Strip and has the Pelset people

• as the sea people arrived, they expanded their control in southern levant

  • technologies changed

wenamon

No Respect for Egypt: The Tale of _______

• Setting “Year 5” of Ramesses XI 1090-1077 BC and written soon after

• ______, a priest of Amun at Karnak, oon royal mission to get cedar for pharaoh’s cultic bark

• robbed, verbally abused, chased by pirates, and constantly pleading his case

• illustrates loss of Egyptian clout

  • Canaan people no longer fear Egyptians

armun at Karnak

Wenamon was a priest of _____ ___ _____

black box, textual, individual

Problematizing “collapse”

• “collapse” is product of oversimplification and reduction: “_____ ____” explanation

• collapse is written from the view of states, usually empires

• it is defined by a decline in ______ sources (“dark age”) which are no longer produced by the state

  • people are speaking other languages or are writing on perishable materials

• we lose track of _______ groups who emerge after a lapse in time in later historical sources

• collapse for one is OPPORTUNITY for another!

military, kashka, sea peoples

political and administrative reasons for the end of the Bronze Age

• _____ losses by empires: Jaffa in Egypt and ______ in Hittite Empire

• ____ _____ attacks (Egypt and Ugarit)

• emergence of true city-states and small kingdoms

3.2

Climatological reasons for end of the Bronze Age

• droughts and low grain production

• __ ka BP Event in 1250 BC

‘apiru

socio-economic reasons for end of the Bronze Age

• social unrest: ______ (Amarna Letters)

• rising militarism: mercenarism, factionalism, and resistance

• social realignments

philistines

what the bible calls the pelsets