chap 6 from pp - neuroplasticity

chap 6 from pp - neuroplasticity

What is Malleability

• often called neuroplasticity, is the brain's ability to change and adapt throughout life.

What does Malleability involve?

• Forming new neural connections

• strengthening or weakening existing ones

• reorganizing networks in response to experiences, learning, injury, or environmental changes.

Malleability allows the brain to

• Recover from damage, learn new skills, & adapt to new situations.

When is Malleability the most pronounced?

• It’s most pronounced in early development but continues into adulthood

Synaptic Plasticity

The ability of the nervous system to change is called neuronal plasticity

Synaptic Plasticity is involved in

• Strongly involved in embryological development

• Also involved in all memory and learning processes.

Three types of synaptic plasticity:

• Long-term synaptic plasticity

• Short-term synaptic plasticity

• Homeostatic plasticity

Learning

Is the process by which organisms modify their behavior to adapt to the changing conditions of the environment around them.

Long-term synaptic plasticity basis of

• learning

• memory

Homeostatic plasticity allows

neuronal circuits to maintain appropriate levels of excitability & connectivity

Malleability

most critical period from week 32 - 5 years

Malleability in Adulthood

• the plot illustrates that the pregnant women & a teenager goes throw the same brain plasticity

Illustration that the pregnant women brain plasticity

The illustration of the stimuli to creation of action potential

LTP (Long Term Potentiation) process:

Stimuli leads to an action potential if the threshold value becomes -55mV

This signal can lead to induction of long-term potentiation.

The excitatory glutamate contains two receptors: NMDA & AMPA

• as action potential reaches the terminal button Glutamate is released.

• When molecule of glutamate binds the NMDA receptor, the calcium channel cannot open because the magnesium ion blocks the channel.

• The depolarization of the membrane evicts magnesium ions to leave the membrane, while calcium ions flows inside the membrane.

• The calcium bind provokes and activates the receptor AMPA to move from the buttom along the spine to the top of the synapsis.

• When AMPA finally enters its destination (top of post-synapsis) they improve and strengthen the connection & changes of synapsis.

CREB (transcription factor)

• Transcription factor capable of binding DNA and regulating gene expression, dopaminergic neurons

Role of NMDA receptor

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor

• glutamate receptor & predominantly Ca2+ ion channel

Role of AMPA receptors 

• Glutamate-gated ion channels

• Synaptic changes.

Illustartion of AMPA

WHAT IS LEARNING

It is the process by which we acquire knowledge about the world.

WHAT IS MEMORY

It is the process by which knowledge is encoded, stored, consolidated, and subsequently retrieved.

Process of learning & memory

• Encoding (Learning)

• Consolidation (Memory)

• Storage (Memory)

• Retrieval (Memory)

TYPES OF LEARNING

• IMPLICIT LEARNING (It is unconscious) AND EXPLICIT LEARNING (It is conscious)

• ASSOCIATIVE AND NON ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING (i.e., conditionin, Change in our response i.e., habituation and sensitization).

• MEANINGFUL LEARNING (It integrates and relates the new information with the one we already had).

• COOPERATIVE LEARNING

• COLLABORATIVE LEARNING

• EMOTIONAL LEARNING

• OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

• EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING

• DISCOVERY LEARNING

• MEMORISTIC LEARNING

• RECEPTIVE LEARNING