RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

• NASAL CAVITY

• PHARYNX

• LARYNX

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

• TRACHEA

• PRIMARY BRONCHI

• LUNGS

FUNCTION OF THE REPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. PURIFY, WARM, AND HUMIDIFY THE INCOMING AIR

2. GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE BLOOD AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

NOSE

• THE EXTERNALLY VISIBLE PART OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• AIR ENTERS THROUGH THE NARES(NOSTRILS) AND INETRNAL NARES (CONCHAE)

NOSTRILS

• ANTERIOR NARIS

NASAL SEPTUM

• THE INTERIOR OF THE NOSE CONSIST NASAL CAVITY DIVIDED BY THE ______

CONCHAE

• EXTERNAL NARES

• TURBINATES

• MAKES THE AIR WARM BECAUSE OF THE BLOOD VESSELS

• LATERAL WALLS HAVE PROJECTIONS CALLED _____

• INCREASES THE SURFACE AREA

CILIA

• FILTERS THE AIR

MUCOUS

• HUMIDIFY(MOIS AIR)

PHARYNX

• THROAT

• MUSCULAR PASSAGEWAY FROM NASAL CAVITY TO LARYNX

NASOPHARYNX

• BEHIND THE NASAL CAVITY

• AIR ONLY

OROPHARYNX

• BEHIND MOUTH

• AIR AND FOOD INTAKE

LARYNGOPHARYNX

• BEHIND THE LARYNX

• AIR AND FOOD

LARYNX

• VOICEBOX

• PLAYS A ROLE IN SPEECH

• MADE OF EIGHT RIGID HYALINE CARTILAGEAND A SPOON-SHAPED FLAP OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE (EPIGLOTTIS)

EPIGLOTTIS

• ROUTES AIR AND FOOD INTO PROPER CHANNELS

• CLOSES WHEN DEGLUTITION

• OPEN WHEN NORMAL BREATHING

THYROID CARTILAGE

• LARGEST HYALINE CARTILAGE (ADAM’S APPLE)

VOCAL FOLDS/ VOCAL CORDS

• VIBRATION THAT CREATE SOUND WAVE

GLOTTIS

• OPENING BETWEEN VOCAL CORDS

• PITCH = TENSION

• VOLUME = AIR

TRACHEA

• STARTS AT CRICOID CARTILAGE (C6)

• ENDS AT LEVEL OF STERNAL ANGLE

• WINDPIPE

• WALLS ARE REINFORCED WITH C-SHAPE HYALINE CARTILAGE

CARINA

• LEVEL OF BIFURCATION CORRESPONDS TO T4

RIGHT BRONCHUS

• IS WIDER, SHORTER, AND STRAIGHTER THAN LEFT

• 25’ ANGLE

BRONCHIOLES

• SMALLEST BRANCHES OF THE BRONCHI

• TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES END IN ALVEOLI

PASSIVE DIFFUSION

• HIGH > LOW CONCENTRATION

RESPIRATORY ZONE

SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE

ALVEOLI

• SAC-LIKE STRUCTURE WHERE GAS EXCHANGE TAKES PLACE WITHIN THE RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE

APEX

• NEAR THE CLAVICLE (SUPERIOR PORTION)

BASE

• RESTS ON THE DIAPHRAGM (INFERIOR PORTION)

VISCERAL PLEURA

• OUTER COVERING

PLEURAL FLUID

• FILLS THE AREA BETWEEN LAYERS OF PLEURA TO ALLOW GLIDING

MEDIASTINUM

• ANATOMIC REGION LOCATED BETWEEN LUNGS

• CONTAINS THE HEART, THYMUS, GLAND, ESOPHAGUS, AND TRACHEA, AND OTHER STRUCTURES

PULMONARY VENTILATION

• MOVING AIR IN AND OUT OF THE LUNGS

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

• GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN PULMONARY BLOOD AND ALVEOLI

RESPIRATORY GAS TRANSPORT

• TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE VIA THE BLOODSTREAM

• DISTRIBUTE TO ORGANS

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

• GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN BLOOD AND TISSUE CELLS IN SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES

INSPIRATION

• FLOW OF AIR INTO LUNG

EXPIRATION

AIR LEAVING LUNG

DIAPHRAGM

• DOME SHAPED MUSCLE

• MAIN MUSCLE FOR BREATHIING

SPIROMETER

• RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES ARE MEASURED WITH _____

TIDAL VOLUME

• NORMAL, RELAXED, BREATHING

• MOVES ABOUT

RESIDUAL VULUME

• AMOUNT OF AIR REMAINING IN THE LUNGS AFTER MAXIMAL EXHALATION

• ABOUT 1200 ML OF AIR REMAINS

INSPIRATORYRES

EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

• AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE FORCIBLY EXHALED OVER THE TIDAL VOLUME

• APPROXIMATELY 1200ML

VITAL CAPACITY

• THE TOTAL NUMBER OF EXCHANGEABLE AIR

• TV + IRV + ERV

EUPNEA

• NORMAL RESPIRATORY RATE

• 12-20 CYCLES PER MINUTE

HYPERPNEA/TACHYPNEA

• INCREASED RESPIRATORY RATE OFTEN DUE TO EXTRA OXYGEN NEEDS

• >20 CYCLES PER MIN

BRADYPNEA

• DECREASED RR

• <12 CYCLES PER MINUT

CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS

• THE MAIN REGULATORY CHEMICAL FOR RESPIRATION

• ACTS DIRECTLY ON THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA