geography migration

keywords for migration

a (accession) 8

the eight east european countries (czech republic, estonia, hungary, latvia, lithuania, poland, slovakia, slovenia) that joined the european union in may 2004

assimilation

the process whereby a person or a group’s language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group

asylum seeker

a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another country

bric

an acronym standing for brazil, russia, india and china

capital

money or property, especially when used to start a business or produce more wealth

climate change

a change in global or regional climate patterns, attributed largely to increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil fuels

colonialism

the policy or practice of acquiring political control over another country and exploiting it economically

commonwealth

a voluntary association of 54 countries with historical origins in the british empire

contemporary perceptions

understanding current positions while considering historic events

core

industrialised capitalist countries that control and benefit from the global market in world systems theory

decolonisation

the act of getting rid of colonisation or freeing a country from dependency on another country

demography

the study of statistics illustrating the changing structure of human populations, such as births, deaths, income, or disease

diaspora

the scattering of people from their homeland to different places across the globe, spreading their culture as they go

displacement

people being forced away from their home regions as a result of poverty and conflict

disunity

a lack of agreement among people that prevents them from working together, potentially leading to tensions or violence

economic migrant

a person moving for work or reasons related to money, often seeking higher pay in another country

economic sanctions

commercial and financial penalties applied by countries against a targeted country, group, or individual

expatriates

people who move to another country and are classed as expatriated from their source country

failed states

states whose political or economic systems have become so weak that the government is no longer in control

flow lines

a type of thematic map showing the movement of objects between different areas

free trade

international trade without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions

gatt

general agreement on tariffs and trade, aimed at promoting international trade by reducing trade barriers

gdp

gross domestic product, the total value of goods and services produced by a country

genocide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially of a particular nation or ethnic group

gini coefficient

a statistical measure of income inequality based on the degree of variation in a set of values

globalisation

the process of increased interconnection and interdependence between countries through trade and cultural exchange

hegemonic power

political and military supremacy, dominance, and leadership ability, often demonstrated by a state or empire

heterogeneity

the quality or state of being diverse in character or content, often referring to the diversity of populations in a country

human rights

rights believed to belong to every person, often including protection from discrimination and other abuses

igo

an organisation composed primarily of sovereign states or other intergovernmental organisations

immigration policy

a country’s decisions and regulations regarding the movement of people into the country for settlement or residence

imf

international monetary fund, an international organisation that provides financial assistance and promotes monetary cooperation

intervention

a state’s use of military force against another state to end human rights violations perpetrated by that state

labour

workers in a country, often associated with factory or agricultural labour

life in the uk test

a multiple-choice exam taken by migrants to demonstrate the required knowledge for living in the UK

low tax regime

countries or islands that offer specific advantages, particularly low or zero tax rates

melting pot

a place where different peoples, styles, theories, cultures, etc, are mixed together

military intervention

the deliberate act of a nation or group of nations to introduce its military forces into an existing controversy

nation state

a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are primarily united by factors defining a nation, such as language or common descent

nafta

north atlantic free trade agreement, an agreement between mexico, canada and the US to eliminate most tariffs on trade

nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a nation, exalting one nation above others and promoting its culture and interests

negative externalities

costs suffered by people and places as a result of changing economic activity

offshore tax havens

foreign areas deliberately established with tax structures to exploit demand for tax avoidance opportunities

power elite

a small group of powerful people holding a disproportionate amount of wealth, privilege, political power, or skill

protectionism

the theory or practice of shielding a country’s domestic industries from foreign competition through tariffs or trade barriers

refugee

an individual who has left their native country due to persecution or fear of persecution, seeking refuge or asylum elsewhere

schengen agreement

an area of the european union allowing free movement of people without internal border checks

secession

the act of a part of a state separating to create a new independent country

seato

southeast asia treaty organisation, formed to prevent communism from gaining ground in the region

sovereignity

the state of being independent and able to make one’s own decisions

structural adjustment

programs providing loans to countries in economic crises, administered by the IMF and the world bank

sustainability

ensuring the future well-being of the planet and its inhabitatnts while considering environmental impacts

tnc

transnational corporation operating across multiple countries with regional or national offices in each country

trade embargo

a governmental order restricting or prohibiting trade with a foreign country, usually due to political differences or circumstances

trading blocs

regional groups of countries protecting themselves from imports from non-members

un security council

the united nations body primarily responsible for maintaining international peace and security, consisting of 15 members

unhcr

the office of the united nations high commissioner for refugees, the un refugee agency

westernisation

societies adopting western cultures, ideas, or business practices

wto

world trade organisation, an international organisation promoting global trade and resolving trade disputes