Chapter 2 Review: Buffers, Hydrocarbons, Isomers, Functional Groups, and Chemical Bonds

Flashcards covering buffers and pH, hydrocarbons, isomers, functional groups, and bonds based on the provided lecture notes.

What is the primary role of buffers in an organism's internal environment?

To maintain near-neutral pH by resisting changes in hydrogen ion concentration.

Which buffer system involves CO2, H2O, H2CO3, and HCO3-?

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.

Which two species constitute the bicarbonate buffer in the blood?

Carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3-).

What is the chemical equation that links CO2 and water to form carbonic acid in buffering?

CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3.

What are hydrocarbons?

Organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen.

What type of bonds store energy in hydrocarbons?

Covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen.

What happens to energy stored in hydrocarbons when they are burned?

It is released as heat energy.

Name two everyday applications of hydrocarbons mentioned in the notes.

Heating homes and powering cars.

What are structural isomers?

Isomers with the same molecular formula but different connectivity (e.g., butane vs isobutane).

What are geometric isomers?

Isomers around a double bond differing in spatial arrangement; cis vs trans.

What are enantiomers?

Non-superimposable mirror-image isomers; L- and D- forms.

What is a functional group?

A group of atoms within a molecule that confers specific properties and reactivity; each macromolecule has characteristic functional groups.

Do functional groups interact with other groups via hydrogen bonding?

Yes; many functional groups participate in hydrogen bonds.

Name a functional group that is acidic.

Carboxyl group (–COOH) can release H+ and is acidic.

Name a functional group that is basic.

Amino group (–NH2) can accept H+ to form –NH3+.

Which functional group is charged and can release H+ ions, making it acidic?

Phosphate group (–PO4^3−) is charged and can release H+ (acidic).

Which functional group is polar and contains –OH?

Hydroxyl group (–OH); polar and capable of hydrogen bonding.

What is the sulfhydryl (–SH) functional group?

Sulfhydryl group; polar and can participate in disulfide bonds.

Is the methyl (–CH3) group polar or nonpolar?

Nonpolar.

Which functional group contains a carbonyl and hydroxyl, and is common in organic acids?

Carboxyl group (–COOH).

What type of bond is formed when one atom is significantly more electronegative, causing unequal sharing of electrons?

Polar covalent bond.

What is the definition of an ionic bond?

Attraction between oppositely charged ions (anions and cations).

What is a hydrogen bond?

A bond in which a hydrogen covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to another electronegative atom.

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons equally.