AP Bio | Unit 2 Review

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Cell Theory

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23 Terms

1

Cell Theory

The concept that all living organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic unit of life, and that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

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2

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; they include bacteria and archaea.

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3

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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4

Amphipathic Molecule

A molecule that has both hydrophobic (water-repelling) and hydrophilic (water-attracting) regions, such as phospholipids in the cell membrane.

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5

Fluid Mosaic Model

A description of the cell membrane structure, depicting it as a mosaic of various components including phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins that move freely within the lipid bilayer.

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6

Diffusion

The passive movement of solute molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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7

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

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8

Tonicity

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water; includes isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions.

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9

Endocytosis

The process in which a cell engulfs materials into a membrane-bound vesicle, including phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

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10

Exocytosis

The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell.

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11

Signal Transduction Pathway

A series of molecular events and reactions that lead to a cellular response after a stimulus is detected by a cell.

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12

Apoptosis

The process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

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13

Nucleoid

The region in a prokaryotic cell where the genetic material (DNA) is located, not enclosed by a membrane.

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14

Phagocytosis

A form of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or microorganisms.

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15

Plasmodesmata

Channels between plant cells that allow for transport and communication.

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16

Plasma Membrane

A biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from its external environment.

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17

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant cells and algae that conducts photosynthesis, converting sunlight into energy.

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18

Mitochondria

Organelles known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.

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19

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that helps the cell maintain its shape and provides support; includes microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

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20

Glycoprotein

A protein that has carbohydrate chains attached, playing critical roles in cell recognition and signaling.

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21

Homeostasis

The process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival.

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22

Quorum Sensing

The regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density.

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23

Aquaporin

A channel protein in the plasma membrane that specifically facilitates the transport of water molecules.

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