ANSC 218 Final Exam Study Guide

What is the main job of the digestive system?

Break down food and absorb nutrients.

What is a carnivore diet and examples?

Eats meat; cats, dogs.

What is an omnivore diet and examples?

Eats plants and meat; dogs, pigs.

What is a herbivore diet and examples?

Eats plants; horses, cows, sheep, goats.

What is mechanical digestion?

Chewing, stomach mixing.

What is chemical digestion?

Enzymes breaking food down.

Where does mechanical digestion happen?

Mouth, stomach.

Where does chemical digestion happen?

Mouth, stomach, small intestine.

What is the path food takes through the digestive system?

Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine → Rectum → Anus.

What does a dental pad mean?

It means the animal has no top front teeth. Ruminants (cows, sheep, lambs) have a thick pad instead of upper front teeth.

What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelium?

Simple = 1 layer (absorbs); Stratified = many layers (protects).

What is the function of the esophagus?

Moves food to stomach.

Does digestion occur in the esophagus?

No.

How does food move in the esophagus?

Food is pushed down by squeezing muscles called peristalsis.

What are monogastric species?

Dogs, cats, pigs, horses.

What are ruminant species?

Cows, sheep, goats.

What is rumination?

The animal brings food back up and chews it again called "chewing cud."

What is eructation?

Belching gas (burping)

What are the 4 parts of a ruminant stomach?

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum.

What is the job of the rumen?

It breaks down tough plant food.

What is the job of the reticulum?

Mix food; trap objects.

What is the job of the omasum?

Absorb water.

What is the job of the abomasum?

True stomach with acid.

Why are microbes important in digestion?

Digest fiber and make protein.

Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?

Anaerobic.

What type of epithelium is found in the rumen?

Stratified squamous.

What is the main energy source in ruminants?

VFAs (energy from fermentation).

What is the main protein source in ruminants?

Microbial protein.

How is a young ruminant different?

Milk skips rumen and goes to abomasum.

What is the order of the small intestine?

Duodenum → Jejunum → Ileum.

What happens in the small intestine?

Digestion and absorption.

What is the job of villi and microvilli?

Increase absorption.

What movements occur in the small intestine?

Food gets pushed forward and mixed around.

What are the parts of the large intestine?

Cecum, colon, rectum.

What is the difference between the rectum and anus?

Rectum stores feces; anus lets them out.

What are hindgut fermenters?

Horses, rabbits.

Where do hindgut fermenters ferment?

Cecum and colon.

What is the main job of the urinary system?

Filter blood and make urine.

What are the organs of the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

Where is urine made?

In nephrons.

What are the parts of the kidney?

Cortex, medulla, pelvis, calyces, hilus.

What is the job of the ureter?

Move urine to bladder.

What is the job of the bladder?

Stores urine.

How is urination controlled?

Internal and external sphincters.

What is the job of the urethra?

Carries urine out (and semen in males).

What is the job of a nephron?

Filter blood.

What are the parts of a nephron?

Glomerulus → Bowman's → PCT → Loop → DCT → Collecting duct.

Where is waste filtered from blood?

Glomerulus.

What is the blood flow through a nephron?

Renal artery → Afferent → Glomerulus → Efferent → Capillaries → Vein.

What is the path of filtrate?

Bowman → PCT → Loop → DCT → Collecting duct.

What is filtration?

Blood to nephron.

What is reabsorption?

The body takes back useful things (like water, sugar, and salts) from the urine into the blood.

What is secretion?

Moving waste from the blood into urine.

What is the main purpose of the reproductive system?

Make offspring.

Is reproduction needed for life?

No.

Where does fertilization occur?

In the oviduct.

What are chromosomes?

DNA bundles.

What are diploid cells?

Body cells.

What are haploid cells?

Sperm and eggs.

What are sex chromosomes?

XX = female; XY = male.

What are reproductive cells?

Sperm and eggs.

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis = normal division; Meiosis = makes sperm and eggs.

What is spermatogenesis?

Making sperm.

What is oogenesis?

Making eggs.

What are the jobs of the female reproductive tract?

Make eggs, pregnancy, birth.

What are the female reproductive parts?

Ovary → Oviduct → Uterus → Cervix → Vagina → Vulva.

What is the job of the ovarian cycle?

Grow and release an egg.

What hormones are involved in reproduction?

FSH and LH.

What does uniparous mean?

One baby.

What does multiparous mean?

Litters.

What is ovulation?

Egg release.

What does the corpus luteum do?

Makes progesterone.

What are induced ovulators?

Cats, rabbits, ferrets.

What are the stages of the estrous cycle?

Proestrus → Estrus → Metestrus → Diestrus.

What is the job of the male reproductive system?

Make and deliver sperm.

What are the male reproductive parts?

Testes, scrotum, spermatic cord, vas deferens, urethra, glands, penis.

What are the parts of a sperm?

Head, midpiece, tail.

What is the job of the testes?

Make sperm and testosterone.

Where are the testes located?

Scrotum.

What does the cremaster muscle do?

Move testes up and down.

Which species have a sigmoid flexure?

Bulls, rams, boars.

Why do dogs tie during mating?

Swelling of male penis and vaginal muscles to stay connected to make sure the sperm is delivered.

What do cells need to survive?

Water, oxygen, nutrients, waste removal.

What are the four types of tissues?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

What are directional terms?

Cranial, caudal, dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, deep, palmar, plantar.

What are body planes?

Sagittal, median, transverse, dorsal.

What is homeostasis?

Keeping the body stable.

What is the job of simple epithelium?

Absorption.

What is the job of stratified epithelium?

Protection.

What does keratinized mean?

Skin.

What does non-keratinized mean?

Mouth.

What are the types of connective tissues?

Loose, dense, fat, cartilage, bone, blood.

Why does cartilage heal slowly?

No blood supply.

What is osteoarthritis?

Cartilage loss leading to pain.

What are the layers of the integument?

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.

What is the job of arrector pili?

Raises hair.

What is an ungulate?

Hooved animal.

What is laminitis?

Lamina swelling.

What are osteoblasts?

Build bone.

What are osteoclasts?

Break bone.