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Spot-On Formulations

Special topical dosage forms for parasite control that typically contain active ingredients, cosolvents, and spreading agents.

Spot-On Formulations — Ingredients

1. Active ingredients. 2. Cosolvents. 3. Spreading agents.

Spot-On Formulations — Common Active Ingredients

Fipronil, imidacloprid, selamectin, and ivermectin.

Spot-On Formulations — Mechanism of Action

The active ingredients spread over the skin, mix with sebum, and form depots in the pilosebaceous units.

Spot-On Formulations — Skin Absorption

Low molecular weight and high lipid-water partition coefficients favor drug absorption through the skin.

Spot-On Formulations — Companion Animals

Effective against fleas, gastrointestinal parasites, and heartworms in dogs and cats.

Spot-On Formulations — Food Animals

Used for lice control in cattle.

Spot-On Formulations — Species-Specific Absorption

Percutaneous absorption mechanisms vary across species.

Spot-On Formulations — Efficacy Factors

Proper application and formulation characteristics are crucial for effectiveness.

Backliner Product

A special topical dosage form for parasite control that includes pour-on and spray-on formulations for sheep.

Backliner Product — Types

Pour-on and spray-on formulations for sheep.

Backliner Product — Active Ingredients

Synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates, and insect growth regulators.

Backliner Product — Mechanism of Action

Effective through topical application and does not rely on systemic absorption.

Backliner Product — Translocation

The formulation must spread and translocate to effective concentrations.

Backliner Product — Applications

Used for lice and blowfly control, particularly post-shearing or on short-wool sheep.

Backliner Product — Lice and Blowfly Control

Used post-shearing or on short-wool sheep.

Hand Jetting

A method in which a handpiece applies pesticide under pressure to target lice, keds, mites, and blowflies.

Backliner Product — Translocation Consideration

The formulation must efficiently cover new wool and prevent stripping.

Pour-On Product

A special topical dosage form for parasite control consisting of solutions or emulsifiable concentrates commonly used in cattle.

Pour-On Product — Formulations

Solutions or emulsifiable concentrates for use in cattle.

Pour-On Product — Active Ingredients

Macrocyclic lactones such as ivermectin and moxidectin.

Pour-On Product — Mechanism of Action

The drug must spread evenly, be resistant to rain, and have controlled percutaneous absorption.

Pour-On Product — Application in Cattle

Effective for both internal and external parasite control.

Pour-On Product — Residue Management

Ensuring adequate drug presence at the skin while avoiding excessive residues.

Plunge and Shower Dipping

Special topical dosage forms for parasite control that provide comprehensive coverage using aqueous solutions, emulsifiable concentrates, or suspension concentrates.

Plunge and Shower Dipping — Types

1. Aqueous solutions. 2. Emulsifiable concentrates. 3. Suspension concentrates.

Plunge and Shower Dipping — Mechanism of Action

Provides comprehensive coverage and requires careful management to prevent pesticide stripping.

Plunge Dipping

Suitable for large groups of sheep and cattle and requires proper vat maintenance.

Shower Dipping

Less labor-intensive than plunge dipping and involves a sump and rotating nozzles.

Plunge and Shower Dipping — Dip Management

Reinforcement and replenishment are crucial to maintain efficacy and avoid contamination.

Insecticidal Collars and Other Devices

Topical devices used for parasite control, including collars, ear tags, back rubbers, and dust bags.

Insecticidal Collars — Types

1. Vapor-release collars. 2. Dust-release collars. 3. Liquid-release collars.

Insecticidal Collars — Mechanism of Action

The active ingredient is released based on the collar's matrix and the animal's activity.

Ear Tags — Types

Polymer-based and membrane-based tags used for controlling flies on cattle.

Ear Tags — Mechanism of Action

Insecticide is released through ear movements and grooming.

Back Rubbers

Oil-soaked burlap devices used for self-treatment of animals.

Dust Bags

Weatherproof bags containing pesticides for cattle to brush against.

Insecticidal Collars and Other Devices — Effectiveness

Proper use and maintenance are needed for optimal parasite control.