pe unit 4 aos 1

aerobic power

Maximum rate of ATP energy production from the aerobic energy system, in the presence of oxygen

anaerobic capacity

Amount of ATP energy production from the anaerobic energy systems without oxygen. Energy is provided at a faster rate but with a limited capacity.

muscular strength

The peak force that a muscle (or muscle group) can produce against a resistance in one maximal contraction. Can be represented as a 1-repetition maximum (1RM).

muscular endurance

The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time.

muscular power

The ability to exert a maximal amount of force in the shortest period of time (ie. an explosive effort). A combination of strength and speed.

speed

The rate of motion and the ability to move the whole body, or body parts from one place to another in the shortest possible time.

agility

The ability to change direction or body position quickly and accurately, whilst maintaining balance.

flexibility

The range of movement around a joint or sequence of joints. Can be static or dynamic.

balance

The ability to maintain equilibrium while performing a desired task – stationary (static) or moving (dynamic).

coordination

The ability to use different parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently, or to execute motor skills smoothly and accurately.

tests for aerobic power

• yo-yo intermittent recovery test

• 20m shuttle run test

• v02max treadmill test

tests for anaerobic capacity

• phosphate recovery test

• 30 second peak power test

tests for muscular strength

• 1rm test (bench press, back squat, leg press)

• grip strength dynamometer

• seven stage abdominal strength test

tests for muscular endurance

• 60 second push up test

• 30 second sit-up test

• flexed arm hang test

tests for muscular power

• seated basketball throw test

• vertical jump

• standing long jump

tests for speed

• 20m sprint test

• 35m sprint test

• 50m sprint test

tests for agility

• illinois agility test

• SEMO agility test

tests for flexibility

• shoulder and wrist elevation test

• trunk flexion test (sit and reach)

• ankle dorsiflexion test

factors affecting aerobic power

AGE AND SEX

muscle fibre type - a greater percentage of slow twitch fibres will increase aerobic power V02 max

factors affecting anaerobic capacity

AGE AND SEX

muscle fibre type - greater proportion of fast-twitch fibres will increase anaerobic capacity

lactate tolerance - the more metabolic by-products can be tolerated, the more high-intensity efforts can be made

factors affecting muscular strength

AGE AND SEX

Muscle cross sectional area (size) – the larger the muscle, the greater the strength potential •

Muscle fibre type Fast-twitch (white) fibres are capable of greater strength output than are slow-twitch (red) fibres.

Speed of muscle contraction The more slowly a muscle contracts, the more force it can create

Warm up - Warmed-up muscles have a greater ability to create strength than muscles that are not warmed up.

Joint angle around the muscle - For each joint angle in movement, there is an optimal angle for the creation of strength

Muscle fibre arrangement - Multipennate and pennate arrangements have more sarcomeres. Therefore, they can generate greater muscular strength.

factors affecting muscular endurance

SEX

muscle fibre type - greater proportion of slow twitch fibres will increase muscular endurance

factors affecting muscular power

SEX

muscle fibre type - greater proportion of fast twitch fibres will increase muscular power

muscular strength - the stronger the individual, the more power they can produce

speed - a fine balance needs to be maintained for maximum power. too fast or too slow of a contraction will limit power

factors affecting speed

AGE AND SEX

muscle fibre type - greater proportion of fast twitch fibres will increase speed

reaction time - the faster the reaction time, the greater the speed

flexibility - the greater the flexibility/stride/stroke length, the greater the speed

factors affecting agility

AGE

muscle fibre type - the greater proportion of fast-twitch will increase speed and therefore agility

reaction time - the better an athlete’s reaction time, the faster they can respond to stimuli and change directions

factors affecting flexibility

AGE AND SEX

warm up - warm up routines help increase temperature of muscle joint structures, helping increase flexibility

type of joint - some joints are designed for stability (e.g. knee), while others are designed for mobility (e.g. shoulder)

length of muscles at rest - if muscles at rest are shortened, the flexibility is limited

factors affecting balance

AGE

ears - if the inner ear is damaged, balance can be affected

muscle strength - the lower your muscular strength, particularly in the core muscles, the less balanced you are likely to be

factors affecting coordination

neurological conditions - different neurological conditions can impact sensory and motor information, which negatively affects coordination

stage of learning - as learners move from cognitive to autonomous stage or learning, there will be an increase in coordination as they master the movement skills

muscle strength and endurance - increased strength and endurance can make skills easier to complete, with greater coordination

activity analysis

the recording and analysis of movement and skill data from a game, sport or activity, with the purpose of identifying physiological requirements to better tailor a training program to ensure specificity training

purpose of activity of analysis

to breakdown requirements of sport to develop training programs specific to the athlete/team and improve performance

two types of data can be granted:

• tactical and technical aspects of a performance

• physiological requirements of the performance

direct observation

the most common form of activity analysis where coaches position themselves in a coaching box or from the sidelines to view the performance. often SUBJECTIVE

typical information gathered from direct observation

• players movement patterns (how, where, intensity)

• skill frequencies of particular movements

• muscle group being utilised

• set team plays and tactical strategies used

digital recording

the use of digital video cameras, tablets, mobile apps, HR monitoring and global positioning systems (GPS)

advantages of direct observation

• can provide data quickly to performer (immediate feedback)

• relatively easy to do

advantages of digital recording

• can be reviewed at a later date/ can be stored for future analysis

• can be replayed or paused to obtain data

• the athlete can observe their own technique

• can be observed by multiple coaches for additional feedback

disadvantages of direct observation

• hard to watch performance and record at the same (vision limited to what observer can see)

• labour intensive

• highly subjective and memory depended

• no recorded video for comparison

• cannot be viewed by a different coach for alternative feedback

disadvantages of digital recording

• can be expensive

• technical expertise needed to operate equipment

skill frequency

the recording of how often a skill or movement is performed (aka statistics)

involves recording all relevant skills int he game situation, therefore requires a thorough knowledge of the game, skills and terminology

movement patterns

reveals typical activities of movement completed by a performer during a game or an activity

2 main methods - manual recording or digital/gps recording

heart rates

provides an indication of energy expenditure and intensity of activity

can be collected manually (pulse rates) OR using telemeter device (hr monitor)

disadvantages of heart rates

• have to calibrate the device to each individual

• during low intensity efforts, factors such as stress, temperature, fear and excitement need to be considered

work to rest ratios

summary of the time an athlete spends physically working compared to the time spent resting/recovering

things to record in W:R data

• total work and rest time

• average time per effort and rest time

• longest work and rest

• W:R rates

purpose of fitness testing pre-program testing

• To identify baseline/benchmarks

• To identify strengths and weaknesses

• To motivate participants

• To determine player suitability

purpose of fitness testing during program testing

• to motivate participants

• to evaluate effectiveness of the training program

purpose of fitness testing post-program testing

• to evaluate the effectiveness of the training program

• to review benchmarks

• to motivate participants

physiological perspective

take into account:

• subjects current fitness and health conditions

• capability of athletes

• which tests mimics the movement the best

psychological perspective

take into account

• subject’s psychological state and how it may influence effectiveness of training

  • first time vs tested regularly

• some tests can be completed in groups

  • increases motivation

validity

refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure

reliability

refers to the ability to reproduce consistent test results if we perform the etst multiple times in succession

reliability can be improved through:

• same warm up, same sequence of tests, same recovery between tests, same time of day, same environment conditions, similar nutritional/hydration status

accuracy

means that the results recorded are a true reflection of what is being test

this is associated with the protocols of the testing being adhered to, and the use of equipment

accuracy can be increased through:

• calibrating equipment

• using specialised technology

• increased participant understanding of instructions