CS1 Exam 1: equine

Poll

The occipital protrusion at the back of the head, immediately behind/between the ears

Crest

The region of the neck where hair grows

Withers

the highest part of the back at the base of an animal's neck

Mane

region of long, coarse hair at the dorsal border of the neck and terminating at the poll

forelock

hair growing (or falling) over the forehead

Croup

refers specifically to the topline of the horse's hindquarters and surrounding musculature

Dock

solid part of the tail

Loin

the sides between the lower ribs and pelvis, and the lower part of the back

Flank

on the rear part of the animal, just in front of the hind legs. It is the fleshy area between the last rib and the hind leg

Throat latch

the part between the neck and the cheek

Point of Hip

Ilium

Stifle

Joint involving the femur, tibia and patella

Knee

The carpus

Elbow

The elbow joint is the articulation between the humeral condyle, trochlear notch of the ulna and the radial head.

Cannon

Large metacarpal or metatarsal bone (3rd metacarpal with 2nd and 4th metacarpals as the splint bones)

Pastern

area of the limb between the fetlock and hoof

Gaskin

the muscular part of the hind leg between the stifle and the hock.

Barrel

capacity of the chest or trunk

Coronet band

the cuticle of the hoof, from which the hoof wall is generated

Chin groove

the part of the horse's head behind the lower lip and chin

Ergot

small keratinized mass of horn in a small bunch of hair on the palmar or plantar aspects of the fetlock

Fetlock

Joint between cannon bone (large metacarpal/metatarsal) and the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals (green arrow)

Caudal hook

Appears on the upper I3 incisor at the caudoventral aspect of the incisor. Is not always prominent.

Galvayne's groove

Is a mark on the labial surface of upper I3 incisor used to determine age

At what age do you see the caudal hook?

7 years old

At what age does Galvayne's groove appear?

10 years old

At what age is Galvayne's groove halfway down the tooth?

15 years old

At roughly what age does Galvayne's groove extend the entire length of the tooth?

20 years old

Permanent incisor I1 erupts at what age?

2.5 years

Permanent incisor I2 erupts at what age?

3.5 years

Permanent incisor I3 erupts at what age?

4.5 years

The canines C1 erupt at what age?

4-5 years old

When does the wolf tooth erupt? (P1)

5-6 months old

When does P2 erupt?

2.5 years

When does P3 erupt?

3 years

When does P4 erupt?

4 years

When does M1 erupt?

1 year old

When does M2 erupt?

2 years old

When does M3 erupt?

3.5-4 years old

Curry comb

Type of brush you would use if you wanted to get dirt out of the horses' coat.

Dandy brush

a hard bristled brush that is used to help remove dirt

Body brush

Soft-bristled brush used to remove dust and light dirt

Mane and tail brush

used to detangle the mane and tail; care should be taken to not pull out or break off the horse's tail hair

Hoof pick

equipment used to remove rocks and debris from horse hooves

Crownpiece, headpiece

The part of the headcollar that fastens over the top of the head, behind the ears.

Bit

Metal part of the horse's tack that is inserted into the mouth

Throatlatch

bridle part that connects the bridle to the head located under the horse's throat

connecting strap

Part of the head collar that attaches the noseband and crownpiece (5)

Noseband

Piece of the bridle/head collar that encircles the muzzle, attached to the cheekpieces

Tie ring

6 - part of the head collar/bridle used to attach the lead rope

Lead rope

piece of rope, leather, or nylon that is attached via a clasp to a halter

Cheekpiece

Strap on the bridle/head collar connecting the crownpiece with the noseband +/- bit

Where might you obtain a small blood sample if you don't want to use the jugular vein?

Transverse facial venous sinus

Where can you locate the digital pulse in a horse's foreleg?

Palmolateral aspect of the fetlock at the level of the proximal sesamoid bones

What are the landmarks of the IM injection in the horse?

1. nuchal ligament

2. cranial border of the scapula

3. cervical vertebrae

Which of these is one of the landmarks for thoracic auscultation?

Caudal border of the scapula down to the olecranon

Which of these is a landmark for thoracic auscultation in the horse?*

Caudodorsal border of the 18th rib*

Where do you hear the caecal flush?

Right dorsocranial paralumbar fossa

What is the normal rectal temperature of the adult horse? (Fahrenheit)

99.5-101.3

What is the normal respiration rate of the horse? (breaths per minute)

8-16

What is the normal heart rate of the horse? (bpm)

28-44

Where is the only easily palpable lymph node in the healthy horse?

submandibular lymph node

What method is used to get an estimate of a horse's weight?

girth tape

If a horse is displaying inspiratory effort - is the problem intrathoracic or extrathoracic?

extrathoracic

If a horse is displaying expiratory effort - is the problem intrathoracic or extrathoracic?

intrathoracic

Why might you use a rebreather bag?

To stimulate the horse to take deeper breaths

Which locations on the horse do you assess to perform a body condition score on the horse?

• Behind the shoulder

• Ribs at mid-barrel

• Crest of neck

• Withers

• Crease of the back

• Tail head

What is a simple way of checking perfusion?

Capillary refill time

What is the toxic line an indicator of?

Endotoxaemia

Where is the facial venous sinus located?

Ventral to the facial crest, at the level of the eye

Where is the facial artery located?

Ventral ramus of the mandible

Where is the transverse facial artery located?

In a horizontal depression about 1 inch caudal to the lateral canthus of the eye and just below the zygomatic arch

What is a normal temperature in a horse in degrees Celsius?

37.5 - 38.5

What is borborygmi?

a rumbling or gurgling noise made by the movement of fluid and gas in the intestines

How frequently should you hear borborygmi?

1-3 per minute

A positive digital pulse in one foot is indicative of what?

Localised inflammation

A positive digital pulse in all four feet is indicative of what?

Generalised inflammation

You can feel the digital pulse laterally and medially - true or false?

True

Finding mucous in the urine of the horse is normal or abnormal?

Normal

What is the main difference between the liver of a horse and that of a dog?

Horses don't have a gallbladder

How frequently should you pick a horse's feet?

Daily

Roughly how frequently should you trim unshod feet?

every 6-8 weeks

Roughly how frequently should you trim shod feet?

every 4-6 weeks

Timothy, Bermuda, Teff, Eragrostis are types of what?

Grass hay

Alfalfa, Lespedeza, Clover are types of what?

Legume hay

What is anisognathism?

The upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw

Equine teeth are

hypsodont

A young horses teeth should be checked about ______ per year

once

attenuated vaccine

vaccine composed of a weakened form of the pathogen that is generally unable to cause disease

Toxoid vaccines

chemically or thermally modified/inactivated toxins used to stimulate active immunity

Inactivated vaccines

Pathogen has been completely killed. Frequently requires boosters.

Name the core vaccines recommended by the AAEP

• Rabies

• Tetanus

• West Nile Virus

• Western Equine Encephalitis virus

• Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus

Which vaccines other than the core vaccines are necessary for competing horses?

Equine herpesvirus (Rhinopneumonitis)

Equine Influenza

Rabies virus

Causes a progressive encephalomyelitis

What do you do when a previously vaccinated horse is exposed to rabies?

Re-vaccinate and monitor for 45 days

Tetanus is caused by which organism

Clostridium tetani

Clostridium tetani is what kind of organism?

anaerobic spore forming bacteria

How frequently do you vaccinate an adult horse against tetanus, with no vaccine history?

twice, 4-6 weeks apart, then annually

What is the tetanus vaccine schedule for a foal with an unvaccinated mother?

3 doses, starting at 1-4 months old, 4 week interval

What is the tetanus vaccine schedule for a foal with a vaccinated mother?

3 doses, starting at 4-6 months old, 4-6 week interval, last dose at 10-12 months.