Lecture Notes on Fungal Infections and Bacterial Structures

These flashcards cover key terms and definitions related to fungal infections, bacterial structures, and types of infections, useful for review before the exam.

Candida albicans

A yeast that can be isolated in blood culture, characterized by yeast cells and pseudohyphae.

Cryptococcus neoformans

An opportunistic fungus found in pigeon droppings; it has round cells with a clear halo (capsule) and may show budding.

Aspergillus

An opportunistic fungus primarily associated with allergic reactions, but can be deadly in immunosuppressed individuals, characterized by septated hyphae and fruiting bodies on a conidiophore.

Talaromyces marneffei

An opportunistic, dimorphic fungus that has fruiting structures and thin hyphae, predominantly affecting AIDS patients.

Acute Infection

A type of infection that manifests quickly and may resolve as the immune system responds.

Latent Infection

An infection that becomes dormant after an initial symptomatic phase and can reactivate later.

Chronic Infection

An infection that persists over a long time, causing ongoing symptoms.

Slow Infection

An infection that progresses slowly over months or years, often without causing immediate symptoms.

Haemophilus influenzae type B

A bacteria that causes meningitis and septicemia, spread through respiratory droplets, particularly dangerous for children under 5.

Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria with a thick cell wall containing teichoic and lipoteichoic acids, which stain purple.

Gram-negative bacteria

Bacteria with a thinner cell wall, consisting of an outer and inner membrane, containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the outer membrane.

Mycobacteria

A group of bacteria with a unique structure that includes a lipid coat of mycolic acid, making them acid-fast.

Thermophiles

Organisms adapted to live in extreme heat, often found in thermal waters.

Halophiles

Organisms that thrive in extremely salty environments, such as the Dead Sea.

Chemoautotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy from inorganic materials, often found in deep-sea environments.

Anaerobes

Organisms that do not require oxygen for growth, which can be obligate or facultative.

Candida albicans

A yeast that can be isolated in blood culture, characterized by yeast cells and pseudohyphae.

Cryptococcus neoformans

An opportunistic fungus found in pigeon droppings; it has round cells with a clear halo (capsule) and may show budding.

Aspergillus

An opportunistic fungus primarily associated with allergic reactions, but can be deadly in immunosuppressed individuals, characterized by septated hyphae and fruiting bodies on a conidiophore.

Talaromyces marneffei

An opportunistic, dimorphic fungus that has fruiting structures and thin hyphae, predominantly affecting AIDS patients.

Acute Infection

A type of infection that manifests quickly and may resolve as the immune system responds.

Latent Infection

An infection that becomes dormant after an initial symptomatic phase and can reactivate later.

Chronic Infection

An infection that persists over a long time, causing ongoing symptoms.

Slow Infection

An infection that progresses slowly over months or years, often without causing immediate symptoms.

Haemophilus influenzae type B

A bacteria that causes meningitis and septicemia, spread through respiratory droplets, particularly dangerous for children under 5.

Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria with a thick cell wall containing teichoic and lipoteichoic acids, which stain purple.

Gram-negative bacteria

Bacteria with a thinner cell wall, consisting of an outer and inner membrane, containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the outer membrane.

Mycobacteria

A group of bacteria with a unique structure that includes a lipid coat of mycolic acid, making them acid-fast.

Thermophiles

Organisms adapted to live in extreme heat, often found in thermal waters.

Halophiles

Organisms that thrive in extremely salty environments, such as the Dead Sea.

Chemoautotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy from inorganic materials, often found in deep-sea environments.

Anaerobes

Organisms that do not require oxygen for growth, which can be obligate or facultative.

Psychrophiles

Organisms that thrive in extremely cold environments, typically <20^ ext{o} ext{C}.

Acidophiles

Organisms that live in highly acidic environments, typically with a pH between 0 and 5.

Alkaliphiles

Organisms that thrive in highly alkaline environments, typically with a pH between 8.5 and 11.5.

Streptococcus pneumonia

Gram positive bacteria

Staphylococcus aureus

Gram positive bacteria

Enterococcus faeculis

Gram positive bacteria

Neisseria

Gram negative bacteria

Acintobacter

Gram negative bacteria

Haemophilus

Gram negative bacteria

Pseudomonas

Gram negative bacteria