STS - Midterm Reviewer

Printing Press

A famous invention by Johannes Gutenburg in 1440. His design combined existing technologies, movable metal letters, oil-based ink, and a hand press-to mass-produce texts quickly

Johannes Gutenberg

Proponent of the Printing Press

Penicillin

A discovery in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, a mold that killed many types of bacteria

Alexander Fleming

Who discovered the Penicillin?

Internet

Began as ARPANET, a US military research project in the late 1960s, designed for secure communication.

Tim Berners-Lee

Proponent of the World Wide Web

Smartphones

Evolved from simple mobile phones, integrated computing power, internet access, cameras, and applications in a portable device.

Genetic Engineering

From the discovery of DNA’s structure in 1953 to CRISPR gene-editing in 2012, scientists have developed ways to directly modify genetic material.

Space exploration

Has expanded our understanding of the universe

Renewable energy

Driven by climate change concerns.

Realism

Science as Truth-Seeking, theories and models are attempts to describe the world as it actually is, even if it is imperfect.

Anti-realism

Science as Tool-Making; Science does not need to tell the truth. It just needs to work. Theories are useful for making predictions and solving problems, not necessarily for describing reality.

Induction

Inferences from particular to general.

Falsification

Testing whether a theory could be proven false by at least one counterexample

Verification

Trying to prove something true

Science

Testable and risky predictions

Pseudoscience

Vague, adapts to every outcome.

Theory-Ladenness

What we see is influenced by what we already believe or what theories we hold.

Demarcation Problem

Is the challenge of defining the boundary between science and non-science (pseudoscience)

Reproductibility

Scientific claims must yield the same results when tested repeatedly

Testability

A theory must be open to being tested and potentially proven wrong

Peer Review and Community Acceptance

Scientific work undergoes scrutiny by experts and must withstand critique

Normal Science

Scientists work within an accepted framework (paradigm), solving puzzles

Anomalies

Strange results appear that don’t fit the paradigm.

Crisis

Too many anomalies pile up, and scientists lose confidence in the old paradigm

Scientific revolution

A new paradigm replaces the old one (paradigm shift).

Thomas Kuhn

According to ______, Science goes through stages.

Gavino C. Trono

Developed pond and open-water culture technologies and management of stocks of economically important seaweed species of the Philippines.

Angel C. Alcala

Known for inventing the Philippines’ first artificial coral reef system in 1997 and establishing marine protected areas.

Ramon C. Barba

Best known for his invention of a technology that induce mango trees to flower and fruit three times a year instead of the natural single crop per year.

Edgardo D. Gomez

He led the world’s first national-scale assessment of damage to coral reefs.

Fe Del Mundo

Invented a bamboo incubator in 1941 to keep premature newborns warm in rural areas without electricity

Eduardo Quisumbing

A pioneer in the study of Philippine medicinal plants where he made tremendous contribution