10th Grade Biology Final Reveiw

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118 Terms

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Equation for Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (Reactants: CO2, H2O, Light; Products: Glucose, O2)

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Organelle of Photosynthesis

Chloroplast

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Stomata

Pores on the underside of leaves that regulate gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out)

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Light Dependent

Occurs in thylakoid membranes, requires light, produces ATP, NADPH, and O2

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Light Independent (Calvin Cycle)

Occurs in stroma, uses ATP/NADPH to produce glucose

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Oxygen Production

Light dependent reactions

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Glucose Production

Light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)

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Chloroplast Diagram

Typically includes outer membrane, inner membrane, stroma, granum, and thylakoid

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Photosynthesis Pigment

Chlorophyll

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Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (Reactants: Glucose, O2; Products: CO2, H2O, ATP)

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, primary energy carrier in cells

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Do Plants Respire?

Yes, to break down glucose for energy when light is unavailable

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Cellular Respiration Organelle

Mitochondrion

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Mitochondria Diagram

Includes outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae, matrix

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Anaerobic vs Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic: Uses oxygen, more ATP (e.g., humans); Anaerobic: No oxygen, less ATP (e.g., yeast, muscles under strain)

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

Glucose -> Lactic Acid + ATP (in muscles, cytoplasm) [Waste: Lactic Acid]

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Alcoholic Fermentation

Glucose -> Alcohol + CO2 + ATP (in yeast, cytoplasm) [Wastes: Alcohol, CO2]

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Carbon Released

Respiration, combustion, decomposition

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Carbon Removed

Photosynthesis, ocean absorption

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Hydrosphere

Carbon stored as dissolved CO2 in water

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Lithosphere

Stored in fossil fuels and rocks

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Atmosphere

Stored as CO2 gas

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Biosphere

Carbon in living organisms

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Autotroph vs Heterotroph

Autotrophs make their own food (plants); heterotrophs consume others (animals)

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Decomposers

Break down dead matter, recycle carbon (e.g., fungi, bacteria)

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Biomass

Total mass of living organisms in an area

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Law of 10%

Only 10% of energy is passed to next trophic level

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Trophic Levels

Feeding levels in an ecosystem (producers, consumers)

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Food Chains vs Food Webs

Chains: linear energy flow; Webs: interconnected chains showing complex feeding

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Cheek Cell DNA Extraction

Cell lysis using soap, salt to clump DNA, alcohol to precipitate it

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Strawberry DNA Extraction

Easier due to 8 sets of chromosomes (octoploid), same method as cheek but more visible

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Nucleotide Components

Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base

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DNA Bases

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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Sides of DNA

Sugar and phosphate backbone

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Bond Between Bases

Hydrogen bonds

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DNA Sugar

Deoxyribose

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Gene

Segment of DNA coding for a protein

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Number of DNA Bases

Over 3 billion base pairs in a human cell

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Histone

Protein that DNA wraps around to form chromatin

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Base Pairing

A pairs with T, G pairs with C

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Introns vs Exons

Introns are non-coding; exons code for proteins

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DNA Stands For

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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DNA vs RNA

1) RNA has ribose, DNA has deoxyribose; 2) RNA is single-stranded, DNA is double; 3) RNA has uracil instead of thymine

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Types of RNA

mRNA (messenger) - carries code, tRNA (transfer) - brings amino acids

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RNA Bases

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

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mRNA Role

Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosome

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Transcription Location

Nucleus

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Why Transcription

DNA can't leave nucleus; RNA delivers the message

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Three RNA Bases

Codon

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Translation Location

Ribosome

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Amino Acid Chain

Polypeptide or Protein

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RNA Delivering Amino Acids

tRNA

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Start/Stop Codons

Start: AUG; Stop: UAA, UAG, UGA

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tRNA Match

Anticodon

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Ribosome Stops

When it reaches a stop codon

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Transcription and Translation Order

mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the cell's nucleus; mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm; the ribosome attaches to the start codon of the mRNA molecule; tRNA carries the amino acid to the ribosome; ribosome encounters the stop codon and falls off the mRNA; completed protein is released and ready for use.

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Silent Mutation

Does not change amino acid

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Nonsense Mutation

Changes codon to stop codon

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Missense Mutation

Changes one amino acid

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Frameshift Mutation

Caused by insertion or deletion, shifts the reading frame

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Insertion/Deletion

Adds/removes base, may cause frameshift

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Agarose

Gel used in electrophoresis

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Restriction Enzymes

Cut DNA at specific sequences

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Electrophoresis

Separates DNA fragments by size using electric current

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DNA Charge

Negative

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Larger DNA Movement

Slower through gel

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Order of Mitosis Phases

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT)

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S Phase Is Part Of

Interphase

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Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (Reactants: CO2, H2O, Light; Products: Glucose, O2)

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Light Dependent Reactions

Occurs in thylakoid membranes, requires light, produces ATP, NADPH, and O2

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Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Occurs in stroma, uses ATP/NADPH to produce glucose

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Aerobic Respiration

Uses oxygen, more ATP (e.g., humans)

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Anaerobic Respiration

No oxygen, less ATP (e.g., yeast, muscles under strain)

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DNA Copied During

S phase.

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S phase

DNA Copied During

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Interphase

DNA is Chromatin During

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Nuclear Membrane Changes

Breaks down in prophase, reforms in telophase.

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Centrioles Appear

Prophase.

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Nucleus Division

Mitosis.

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Last Phase of Mitosis

Telophase.

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Chromosomes in G1 (start with 4)

4 chromosomes.

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Chromosomes in Metaphase

4 chromosomes, 8 chromatids (duplicated).

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Phases of Cell Cycle

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis.

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Prophase Visibility

Chromatin condenses, nuclear membrane dissolves.

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Cytoplasmic Division

Cytokinesis.

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Result of Cell Division

Two identical daughter cells.

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Sister Chromatids Attach At

Centromere.

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If Cell Has 12 Chromosomes

Each daughter cell will have 12 chromosomes after mitosis.

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Uncontrolled Cell Division

Can lead to cancer.

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Benign Tumor

Non-cancerous, does not spread.

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Malignant Tumor

Cancerous, invades surrounding tissues.

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Metastatic Tumor

Cancer that spreads to other parts of the body.

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How Cancer Spreads

Through blood and lymphatic systems.

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Meiosis

Division creating gametes (sex cells), reduces chromosome number by half.

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Gametes

Sex cells (sperm and egg), haploid.

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Somatic Cells

Body cells, diploid.

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Crossing Over

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.

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Synapsis

Pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.

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Tetrad

Pair of homologous chromosomes (4 chromatids) formed during meiosis I.

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Meiosis vs Mitosis

1) Meiosis has 2 divisions; mitosis has 1. 2) Meiosis makes 4 haploid cells; mitosis makes 2 diploid cells. 3) Meiosis produces genetically diverse cells; mitosis produces identical ones. 4) Meiosis occurs in gametes; mitosis in somatic cells.