Unit 2 in-class notes

1492

Sailed Ocean Blue

Astrolabe, Lateen Rig (sail)

Technology that enabled exploration

Columbian Exchange: Ecosystem

Pigs, cattle, and sheep introduced. They outcompete and destroy the native ecosystem

Beaver Pelts

Native items commodified, forcing natives to trade with Europeans more

Death: diseases & guns

Smallpox decimates, guns cause fatalities

Horses

Introduced to natives, increase mobility

Cultural Exchanges = misunderstandings: 5 examples

Religion (Animism vs Catholicism)

Family (Size)

Land Use (Synergy vs Destruction)

Power (decentralized vs Hierarchy)

Gender (Women in society)

Mercantilism

Tariffs & Subsidies

Focus on resources, make euro countries self-sufficient

Saint Augustine (and year)

First Spanish colony in North America (1565)

Encomienda

Natives forced to work: must work on land for protection and education, but basically slavery

No rights until agreed to Catholicism

Native responses

Diplomatic Negotiations, Military Resistance

Taino Rebellion

Columbus mistreated many people, leading to Taino Rebellion

France & Netherlands

Intermarry with natives, build economic & diplomatic relationships

Otter fur-reliant

Britain: immigrant demographics

More women and migrants

Britain behavior

Agriculture-heavy, take land from natives instead of assimilating

Democracy-heavy, because Britain was far away and more relaxed

3 reasons for British colonists

Investors/landowners want profit

Religious escape

Social mobility for the poor (work to gain resources)

Anglicanism

In Britain: King is head of religion (Protestant sect)

Puritans

Want to purify church with hard work. They were prudish and their progressive views were controversial.

They thought Anglicanism was no better than Catholicism

Jamestown (and year)

1607: founded as joint-stock company

STruggle early due to disease, starvation, cannibalism, and attacks from natives

Plymouth (and year)

1620: Puritans turn into Pilgrims, leave Europe and found Plymouth

Mayflower Compact

Was a “constitution,'“ vowing democracy and self-government

1630: Massachusetts Bay Colony

Puritans create it; it’s later combined with Plymouth

John Winthrop

Creates Massachusetts Bay Colony, rallies for synergy

Why couldn’t Westward Expansion occur

Natives were in the way. Some colonists called for extermination

(Also) French took up Western land too; nobody wanted war with the French

Eastern Coast: reasons

Stay on coastline for trade

England wants the colonies to still depend on them, but the colonies and England’s priorities are different

New England Colonies

Small towns and family farms; both agriculture and commerce.

Puritans made it! Think of Massachusetts

Boston

Example of New England city. Wood and fish traded through Boston port

Town Meetings

New England colonies were participation and democracy-focused

Roger Williams

Non-Puritan banished from Massachusetts because he disagreed with them (example). Made far more tolerant Rhode Island

Middle Colonies

Export-based cereal crops “Breadbasket”

New York: population fact

Take in persecuted Protestant Huguenots from France

Pennsylvania

William Penn and the Quakers (protestant, pacifism, egalitarianism)

Chesapeake & North Carolina Colonies

Plantation, slavery, and tobacco-heavy

Elite Planters

Highlight the decreased democracy in Chesapeake/NC: “feudal lords”

South Colonies, West Indies

Cash crop-heavy, slavery-reliant

Cash Crop examples (south)

Indigo, sugar, cotton

Triangular Trade

Europe gets Cash Crops

Africa gets products

United States get slaves

Slavery Culture Resistance: 3 examples

Vodun Religion (Catholic & African)

Sweetgrass Baskets

Work Songs

Slavery Active Resistance: Maroon Communities (example)

Many races (indigenous, white, black) hide in swamp

Great Dismal Swamp

Strono Rebellion

Slaves rebel in South Carolina

Navigation Acts (year)

1651: Settlers can only sell expensive goods to Britain

Items bought from other places are taxed

Smuggling (example guy)

Better prices, avoid taxes (John Hancock)

American Identity

Salutary Neglect leads to colonies self-governing, feeling less British, and developing an American Identity

Pueblo Revolt (and year)

1680: rebel against Encomienda and are very successful, Spanish accommodate and the Pueblos have increased culture and autonomy

Metacom’s War (starting year)

1675

Wampanoags have tension with colonists because of colonial expansion and the effect of livestock. After chief Metacom was provoked, the Wampanoags attacked the colonies and were super effective. It was very deadly. The settlers eventually won

Metacom’s War effects

Economy/population of New England decimated; relations are severed

Wampanoags killed, enslaved, and sent to concentration camps

American Identity developed (military, radical, greedy, secular) after fought natives without British help

Salem Witch Trials

1692: Fear after conflicts with natives created hysteria.

Witchcraft common because puritans didn’t like “sinful” conduct

Bacon’s Rebellion (and year)

1676: Nathaniel Bacon rebels against governor who prevents him from expanding further into Native Land

Soon, many groups join (kind of like poor people class struggle) and burn Jamestown to ground

Virginia Slave Codes

Divide into White vs Black to promote slavery and prevent people from banding together (unifying) like in prior rebellion

English Civil War

Puritans and Royalists flee to the colonies.

Civil War is viewed as inspiration for colonists later on.

Enlightenment Guys

Rousseau

Locke

Rousseau: State of nature good, but too late now

Locke: Government social contract, must protect citizens

Indigenous Societies as inspiration

Europeans had hierarchy and structure, while Indigenous people had equality, care, and freedom. People looked at them and thought about life without government.

First Great Awakening (1730s/40s)

Religious revival of passion, similar to enlightenment; traveling preachers

Challenge authority, promote equality, inspire American Revolution

3 mediums for ideas spreading

English Legal System inspiration

Commerce

Transatlantic Print Culture (Benjamin Franklin)