Chapter 11

The common features of innate and adaptive immunity

• recognize diverse pathogens

• eliminate identified invaders

• discriminate between self and foreign antigens

Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity.

• Innate immunity responds immediately and it’s ancient protections and they have generalized responses

• Adaptive immunity takes about 4-7 to respond to infection but it recognize pathogens it’s previously fought and the responses are tailor to pathogens

Explain the basic role of normal microbiota in shaping immune responses and limiting pathogens.

Normal microbiota plays a role in training our immune responses

What is the main goal of first-line defenses?

Attempt to prevent pathogen entry

List examples of mechanical, chemical, and physical barriers and describe how they work.

• Mechanical- Mucus+ Cilia, blinking + tears

• Chemical- Tears, salt, lysozyme, breast milk ( contains IGA antibodies)

• Physical- Normal microbiota training, hygiene ( hypothesis), skin

1. What skin features make it one of the most important first-line barriers

• The epidermis, our outermost skin layer made up of dead epithelial cells

• enriched with specialized proteins (such as keratin) and lipids to serve as a water-resistant layer.

What is lysozyme and where is it found?

A lysozyme acts as a chemical barrier by breaking down bacterial cell walls and it’s found in tears and breast milk

What are antimicrobial peptides and what do they do?

Proteins that destroy a wide spectrum of viruses, parasites, bacteria and fungi

• For example lysozyme found in, tears breaks milk and breaks down bacterial cell walls

What are the two main categories of second-line defenses?

Assorted molecular factors and leukocytes and they call on the lymphatic system

What is lymph and how is it collected and filtered?

• Lymphatic capillaries take up interstitial l fluid and is then called lymph

What are the primary and secondary lymphoid tissues and what are their roles?

• Primary lymphoid tissues- The thymus and bone marrow and have roles in maturation of leukocytes and producing formed elements of blood

• Secondary lymphoid tissues- Spleen and lymph nodes and have roles of filtering lymph and sample surrounding body sites for antigens

What are the two main categories of leukocytes and how do they differ?

• Granulocytes-are cells with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible when stained and then viewed by light microscopy.

• Agranulocytes-do not have granules in cytoplasm that are readily detectable with light microscopy.

What are examples and roles of molecular second-line defenses?

Discuss the structural and functional features of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells.

• Neutrophils-

• Eosinophils-

• Basophils-

• Mast cells-

What are features of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells?

Monocytes-the largest agranular white blood cells and levels can increase due to chronic infections and inflammation, autoimmune disorders and certain cancers

Macrophages- Highly phagocytic. destroy a wide range of pathogens

Dendritic cells- Highly phagocytic and found in most body tissues

What are the three main categories of lymphocytes, and which are involved in innate immunity versus adaptive immunity?

NK cells- Abundant in the liver and have innate protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites and even tumor cells ( Adaptive immunity)

B cells- coordinate the adaptive immune response( Adaptive immunity)

T cells- coordinate the adaptive immune response ( Adaptive immunity)

Define the term cytokine and then name four different classes of cytokines and state their functions.

Signaling proteins that allow cells to communicate with each other, initiating and coordinating immune actions

What role do iron-binding proteins have in immunity and how do pathogens defeat this defense tool?

Role of iron-binding proteins- Proteins that bind free iron and keep iron circulating in our tissues well below the amount microbes require for survival.

• Many pathogenic bacteria make siderophores, which are organic molecules that pull iron from our iron-binding proteins

What are the primary goals of inflammation?

What are the three phases of inflammation and what occurs in each?

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation and what process are they directly linked to in inflammation?

Name at least three chemical mediators of inflammation and state their roles.