ATI TEAS7 - science (textbook online practice A)

Which of the following is characteristic of the human organism?

A) Autotrophic with a genome stored in DNA

B) Heterotrophic with a genome stored in DNA

C) Autotrophic with a genome stored in RNA

C) Heterotrophic with a genome stored in RNA

B) Heterotrophic with a genome stored in DNA

Humans consume rather than manufacture nutrient molecules (heterotrophic), and human genes are encoded in DNA.

Which of the following options represents the chromosomal composition of a normal human zygote?

A) 23 chromosomes

B) 46 chromosomes

C) 69 chromosomes

D) 92 chromosomes

B) 46 chromosomes

The fusion of a sperm with 23 chromosomes and an egg with 23 chromosomes would result in a zygote with 46 chromosomes.

Ca + H₂SO₄

Which of the following statements correctly describes the product of the reaction above?

A) Calcium sulfate

B) Hydrogen sulfide

C) Calcium sulfide

D) Hydrogen sulfate

A) Calcium sulfate

Calcium and sulfuric acid react to produce calcium sulfate and hydrogen gas.

Which of the following organs is the site of blood filtration?

A) Kidney

B) Heart

C) Lung

D) Brain

A) Kidney

The kidneys filter blood.

Which of the following organ systems is responsible for transporting nutrients, wastes, and other substances throughout the human body?

A) Respiratory

B) Immune

C) Nervous

D) Circulatory

D) Circulatory

The heart pumping blood through the arteries, capillaries, & veins provides the means of transporting substances throughout the body.

*Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?

A) Oxytocin causes an increase in uterine muscle contractions, ultimately causing the posterior pituitary to release more oxytocin.

B) An increase in blood glucose level causes the release of insulin, which results in the lowering of glucose levels in the blood and halting the release of insulin.

C) A drop in body temperature causes the hypothalamus to activate warming mechanisms, which results in the increase of body temperature.

D) An increase in blood osmolarity causes the release of ADH, which causes urine to become more concentrated and osmolarity to decrease.

A) Oxytocin causes an increase in uterine muscle contractions, ultimately causing the posterior pituitary to release more oxytocin.

When a response reinforces a stimulus, causing an even greater response, positive feedback is occurring.

*Two researchers note that when Weeds A and B grow next to each other, the roots of Weed A stop growing when they enter the root zone of Weed B. Since activated charcoal is known to absorb organic compounds, the researchers apply activated charcoal to the soil around Weed B. They note that the roots of Weed A then grow into the root zone of Weed B. Which of the following hypotheses is being tested by the addition of activated charcoal to the soil?

A) Weed A absorbs activated charcoal, which enhances root growth for Weed A.

B) Weed B grows best in soil that contains few organic compounds.

C) Weed A is attracted to soil that contains activated charcoal.

D) Weed B produces an organic compound that inhibits root growth for Weed A.

D) Weed B produces an organic compound that inhibits root growth for Weed A.

Since activated charcoal is known to absorb organic compounds, its use indicates that the hypothesis being tested is that Weed B produces an organic compound that inhibits root growth for Weed A.

*In a well-controlled experiment, researchers show that a common topical antibiotic called chloramphenicol halts a deadly fungal growth on the skin of amphibians. Which of the following is the best inference for how the antibiotic works to limit a fungal disease?

A) The antibiotic causes a mutation in the skin tissue that makes it resistant to the fungus.

B) The antibiotic acts as a physical barrier that interferes with fungal growth.

C) The antibiotic kills a bacterial partner that is essential in the fungal infection.

D) The antibiotic activates white blood cell production in amphibians.

C) The antibiotic kills a bacterial partner that is essential in the fungal infection.

If an essential bacterial partner is killed by the antibiotic, then the disease-causing potential will be reduced. This is the best inference.

The bands in muscle sarcomere are formed by actin and which of the following other proteins?

A) Myosin

B) Dynein

C) Keratin

D) Laminin

A) Myosin

Myosin contains "heads" that contact actin and pull the actin fibres together in an ATP-dependent mechanism that causes muscles to contract.

*Which of the following observations refutes the hypothesis that characteristics acquired during the parents' lifetime are inherited by offspring?

A) Changes in neck length in giraffe populations are due to genetic mutations.

B) Finches that live on different sources of food become unable to mate with one another after many generations.

C) Peppered moths turn from gray to white or black depending on the color of the tree bark on which they live.

D) Primates that have been taught sign language pass that ability to their offspring.

A) Changes in neck length in giraffe populations are due to genetic mutations.

The neck length of giraffes was once thought to be an acquired characteristic (due to stretching to reach food) that was passed on to offspring. Further study determined that mutations in DNA actually caused the increase in neck length, which was preferentially passed on to offspring through selection.

Which of the following. chemical compounds prevents the lungs from collapsing?

A) Mucus

B) Surfactant

C) Enzymes

D) Buffers

B) Surfactant

Surfactants are lipopolysaccharides that have a hydrophobic and hydrophilic layer. They keep the lungs inflated.

Type I diabetes is a disease associated with which of the following hormones?

A) Estrogen

B) Insulin

C) Testosterone

D) Thyroxine

B) Insulin

Type I diabetes is a disease that is causes by the absence of insulin.

Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is highly resistant to lactate-mediated fatigue because cardiac muscle

A) uses aerobic respiration in mitochondria for energy.

B) operates withe electrical energy supplied by the sinoatrial (SA) node.

C) primarily metabolizes glucose using the fermentation pathway.

D) does not need oxygen for the production of energy.

A) uses aerobic respiration in mitochondria for energy.

Aerobic respiration (oxidative respiration) is almost exclusively used by the heart. The byproducts of this type of respiration are water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (COz), not lactate.

The nephridium in worms has a function most similar to which of the following organs in human?

A) Liver

B) Spleen

C) Lymph nodes

D) Kidney

D) Kidney

Nephridia in segmental worms operate similarly to the nephron of the kidneys. Nephrons in the kidneys contain a collecting tubule that aids in urine production.

Which of the following connects two bones together?

A) Ligament

B) Tendon

C) Marrow

D) Muscle

A) Ligament

Ligaments connect bones together.

Which of the following cell types provides a waterproofing function for the outer layers of skin?

A) Melanocyte

B) Keratinocytes

C) Merkel cells

D) Langerhans cells

B) Keratinocytes

Keratinocytes contain the protein keratin. They are produced in the epidermis and migrate upwards. The tight junctions between cells prevent water entry. They eventually form a layer of dead cells on the skin surface, which produces a waterproofing effect.

The shape of villi and microvilli facilitates which of the following?

A) Pushing food along the intestine via ciliary motion of villi

B) Creating barriers to food movement to increase digestion time

C) Decreasing surface area for absorption

D) Increasing surface area for absorption

D) Increasing surface area for absorption

The folds increase the surface area, allowing more nutrients to be absorbed and delivered to the blood stream.

Which of the following arteries directly supplies oxygenated blood to the reproductive system?

A) Common carotid artery

B) Gonadal artery

C) Femoral artery

D) Subclavian artery

B) Gonadal artery

Which of the following produces progesterone to prepare the uterus for pregnancy?

A) Endometrium

B) Cervix

C) Corpus luteum

D) Fallopian tubes

C) Corpus luteum

The corpus luteum refers to the amount of the graafian follicle. It secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus for the pregnancy.

A person is suddenly frightened. Which of the following reactions occurs next?

A) Liver cells absorb glucose from the blood stream.

B) Blood vessels supplying skeletal muscles constrict.

C) Blood vessels supplying the intestines dilate.

D) Liver cells release glucose into the blood stream.

D) Liver cells release glucose into the blood stream.

Epinephrine causes liver cells to break down glycogen, which causes an increase in sugar in the blood stream.

On an imaginary planet called Alpha Vega, purple eyes (F) are dominant over pink eyes (f). Which of the following combinations will produce only offspring with pink eyes?

A) Ff x ff

B) Ff x Ff

C) FF x ff

D) ff x ff

D) ff x ff

Since there is no F, all the offspring will have pink eyes.

The use of an electron microscope would most benefit the study of

A) the structure of atoms.

B) the structure of cellular organelles.

C) the structure of skeletal joints.

D) chemical bonds in molecules.

B) the structure of cellular organelles.

Electron microscopy has significantly improved the ability to see and understand the workings of these organelles because electron wavelengths are short enough to resolve the structure of organelles, which are around 100 times larger than the wavelengths of an electron.

Which of the following are sesamoid bones?

A) Phalanges

B) Patellae

C) Scapulae

D) Metatarsals

B) Patellae

Patellae are sesamoid bones, which develop in response to strain. Patellae are also considered short bones.

Which of the following glands is the primary producer of insulin?

A) Thyroid

B) Adrenal

C) Pituitary

D) Pancreas

D) Pancreas

The pancreas produces insulin.

Which of the following glands primarily supplies hair shafts and skin with oily secretions?

A) Eccrine gland

B) Apocrine gland

C) Sebaceous gland

D) Ceruminous gland

C) Sebaceous gland

Sebaceous glands produce sebum which supplies hair shafts and skin with oily secretions.

*A pregnant woman who is a chain smoker has just been diagnosed with lung cancer. Her biggest concern is if she has passed on the lung cancer to her child. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this situation?

A) Children do not use their lungs until they are born, so the cancer cannot pass to the child before birth.

B) The cancer could pass from mother to fetus through blood, but anticancer medications can prevent the child from developing cancer.

C) If the pregnant mother undergoes treatment for lung cancer, both she and the child can be cured.

D) The cancer will not be transmitted to the child.

D) The cancer will not be transmitted to the child.

Only germline mutations are transmitted, so the lung cancer, a somatic mutation, will not be passed to the child.

Stores of subcutaneous fat can be found in which of the following layers of the skin in the human body?

A) Epidermis

B) Dermis

C) Hypodermis

D) Dermal papillae

C) Hypodermis

The hypodermis contains stores of subcutaneous fat as well as deeper blood vessels.

Demyelinization results in which of the following?

A) Inhibited detection of a stimulus at the dendrites of a nerve cell

B) Disrupted propagation of an action potential along the axon of a nerve cell

C) Inhibited uptake of neurotransmitters at the synapse of a nerve cell

D) Disrupted ability of the Na+/K+ pumps to depolarize a cell

B) Disrupted propagation of an action potential along the axon of a nerve cell

The myelin sheath, which is a lipid-based structure, insulates the axon, allowing rapid electrical conduction of the action potential down the axon. Deterioration of the myelin sheath disrupts this process.

Which of the following is the function of the lymph nodes in mammals?

A) Pump oxygen into tissue spaces.

B) Store extra glucose for emergencies.

C) Synthesize hemoglobin for erythrocytes.

D) Filter debris from intracellular spaces.

D) Filter debris from intracellular spaces.

Lymph nodes filter debris, lymphocytes, and pathogens from intracellular fluid.

Which of these structures diverts food into the esophagus, and prevents it from entering the lungs?

A) Uvula

B) Soft palate

C) Tonsils

D) Epiglottis

D) Epiglottis

The epiglottis shuts off the tracheal opening, diverting food into the esophagus.

In Mendelian inheritance, the dominant allele is for tall plants and the recessive allele is for short plants. Which of the following statements is correct in terms of phenotype and genotype?

A) Tt is a phenotype that gives 50% short and 50% tall genotype.

B) IT and Tt are both genotypes for the homozygous recessive phenotype.

C) TT is the dominant phenotype, and tall plants is the resulting genotype.

D) TT and Tt are both genotypes for the tall plant phenotype.

D) TT and Tt are both genotypes for the tall plant phenotype.

The T allele is dominant and encodes the tall plant phenotype, and it requires only one dominant allele to express the dominant trait.

Which of the following structures within a human cell is responsible for recycling the materials no longer functional or needed within the cell?

A) Ribosome

B) Lysosome

C) Mitochondria

D) Nucleolus

B) Lysosome

Lysosomes are specialized vacuoles containing digestive enzymes.

In a population that is growing, which of the following must be true?

A) Immigrants + Births = Deaths + Emigrants

B) Emigrants + Deaths > Immigrants + Births

C) Immigrants + Births > Emigrants + Deaths

D) Emigrants + Immigrants = Births + Deaths

C) Immigrants + Births > Emigrants + Deaths

If immigration (people joining a population) and births are greater than emigration (people leaving a population) and deaths, then the population will grow.

Which of the following substances will dissolve in water?

A) CH₄

B) CCl₄

C) CH₃OH

D) C₈H₁₈

C) CH₃OH

CH₃OH is a polar molecule, because oxygen is highly electronegative and draws electrons towards itself. Because water molecules are polar, water acts as a solvent for polar molecules.

Which of these terms related to the respiratory system refers to the "voice box" for sound production?

A) Pharynx

B) Trachea

C) Larynx

D) Uvula

C) Larynx

The larynx is a cartilaginous structure containing the vocal chords, which is used to generate sound.

Kidneys remove which of the following from the blood?

A) Platelets

B) Salts

C) Oxygen

D) Fat

B) Salts

Salts are removed by the kidneys.

Which of the following is classified as a flat bone?

A) Tarsal

B) Vertebrae

C) Rib

D) Humerus

C) Rib

The rib is a flat bone.

-Top of pyramid-

+ red-tailed hawks

+ blackbirds & ground squirrels

+ insects

+ seeds & berries & grasses

-Bottom of pyramid-

Based on the scaled figure of a prairie biomass pyramid above, there is a greater mass of

A) insects than seeds, berries, and grasses.

B) red-tailed hawks than blackbirds and ground squirrels.

C) seeds, berries, and grasses than insects.

D) blackbirds and ground squirrels than insects.

C) seeds, berries, and grasses than insects.

In a biomass pyramid, the greater mass is as lower levels. According to the pyramid, there is a greater mass of seeds, berries, and grasses than insects.

Which of the following cell types is responsible for the production of soluble antibodies?

A) Cytotoxic T-cell

B) Macrophage cell

C) Helper T-cell

D) B-cell

D) B-cell

The production of antibodies by B-cells is part of the humoral response to antigens.

Which of the following terms describes a sample composed of particles condensed into a small space and having vibrational, but not translational, motion?

A) Solid

B) Liquid

C) Gas

D) Plasma

A) Solid

Solids have little space between particles, and the particles vibrate within a fixed lattice struture.

*Which of the following is the correct structure and function of the cell membrane?

A) A double glycoprotein structure with embedded lipid bodies provides shape and rigidity to the cytoplasm.

B) A double layer of phosphate proteins with lipid channels allows molecules to pass from the inside to the outside of cells.

C) Nonpolar phosphate heads and polar lipid tails form a bilayer to control the transport of proteins.

D) A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins regulates molecules entering and leaving cytoplasm.

D) A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins regulates molecules entering and leaving cytoplasm.

The cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with polar phosphate heads, nopolar lipid tails, and embedded proteins, which permit the movement of molecules across the membrane.

In which of the following areas does protein breakdown begin in the human body?

A) Mouth

B) Stomach

C) Small intestine

D) Large intestine

B) Stomach

The stomach is the first place in the digestive system in which proteinases are produced.

An atom has 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons. Which of the following is the atom's mass number?

A) 3

B) 6

C) 7

D) 10

C) 7

The mass of an atom is the sum of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

A defining characteristic of a scientific hypothesis is that it is

A) testable.

B) unexpected.

C) correct.

D) predictable.

A) testable.

A testable and falsifiable hypothesis is the hallmark of scientific investigation. Experiments can only be used to accept or discard hypotheses.

In which part of the body do the T-cells mature?

A) Bone marrow

B) Thymus

C) Adrenal glands

D) Thyroid

B) Thymus

The thymus is the location of maturation for T-cells.

Which of the following classes of biomolecules can influence the rate of specific chemical reactions within the living cell?

A) Nucleic acids

B) Proteins

C) Lipids

D) Carbohydrates

B) Proteins

Some proteins fold into shapes that allow them to function as biochemical catalysts or enzymes within a cell.

Which of the following connects the kidneys to the bladder?

A) Capillaries

B) Ureters

C) Urethras

D) Arteries

B) Ureters

Ureters connect the kidney to the bladder.