salts and formulae

Define an acid.

An acid is a proton (H⁺) donor. It releases H⁺ ions in aqueous solution.

Define a base.

A base is a proton (H⁺) acceptor. It readily accepts H⁺ ions from an acid.

Define an alkali.

An alkali is a base that dissolves in water and releases OH⁻ ions in aqueous solution.

Define a salt.

A salt is produced when the H⁺ ion of an acid is replaced by a metal ion or the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺).

State the formula of hydrochloric acid.

HCl.

State the formula of sulfuric acid.

H₂SO₄.

State the formula of nitric acid.

HNO₃.

State the formula of phosphoric acid.

H₃PO₄.

State the formula of ethanoic acid.

CH₃COOH.

State the formula of sodium hydroxide.

NaOH.

State the formula of potassium hydroxide.

KOH.

State the formula of calcium hydroxide.

Ca(OH)₂.

State the formula of ammonia.

NH₃.

State the formula of aqueous ammonia.

NH₃(aq).

State the formula of the ammonium ion.

NH₄⁺.

State the formula of the hydroxide ion.

OH⁻.

State the formula of the nitrate(V) ion.

NO₃⁻.

State the formula of the carbonate ion.

CO₃²⁻.

State the formula of the sulfate(VI) ion.

SO₄²⁻.

State the formula of the phosphate ion.

PO₄³⁻.

State the formula of the dichromate(VI) ion.

Cr₂O₇²⁻.

State the formula of the manganate(VII) ion.

MnO₄⁻.

Explain what is meant by a strong acid.

A strong acid completely dissociates into its ions in aqueous solution. It releases all of its acid hydrogen atoms into solution as H⁺ ions. Example: HCl → H⁺ + Cl⁻.

Explain what is meant by a weak acid.

A weak acid partially dissociates into its ions in aqueous solution. It only releases a small proportion of its available hydrogen atoms into solution as H⁺ ions. Example: CH₃COOH ⇌ H⁺ + CH₃COO⁻.

Write the equation for the dissociation of hydrochloric acid in water.

HCl(aq) → H⁺(aq) + Cl⁻(aq).

Write the equation for the dissociation of sulfuric acid in water.

H₂SO₄(aq) → 2H⁺(aq) + SO₄²⁻(aq).

Write the equation for the dissociation of nitric acid in water.

HNO₃(aq) → H⁺(aq) + NO₃⁻(aq).

Write the equation for the dissociation of ethanoic acid in water.

CH₃COOH(aq) ⇌ H⁺(aq) + CH₃COO⁻(aq).

Write the equation for the dissociation of phosphoric acid in water.

H₃PO₄(aq) → 3H⁺(aq) + PO₄³⁻(aq).

State the five types of reactions that produce a salt.

1. Acid + metal → salt + hydrogen. 2. Acid + metal oxide → salt + water. 3. Acid + metal hydroxide → salt + water. 4. Acid + metal carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide. 5. Acid + ammonia → ammonium salt.

State the general equation for acid + metal.

Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen.

State the general equation for acid + metal oxide.

Acid + Metal Oxide → Salt + Water.

State the general equation for acid + metal hydroxide.

Acid + Metal Hydroxide → Salt + Water.

State the general equation for acid + metal carbonate.

Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide.

State the general equation for acid + ammonia.

Acid + Ammonia → Ammonium Salt.

State the four ionic equations for acid-base reactions.

1. Metal oxide + acid: O²⁻ + 2H⁺ → H₂O. 2. Metal hydroxide + acid: OH⁻ + H⁺ → H₂O. 3. Ammonia + acid: NH₃ + H⁺ → NH₄⁺. 4. Metal carbonate + acid: CO₃²⁻ + 2H⁺ → CO₂ + H₂O.

Write the ionic equation for the reaction of a metal oxide with an acid.

O²⁻ + 2H⁺ → H₂O.

Write the ionic equation for the reaction of a metal hydroxide with an acid.

OH⁻ + H⁺ → H₂O.

Write the ionic equation for the reaction of ammonia with an acid.

NH₃ + H⁺ → NH₄⁺.

Write the ionic equation for the reaction of a metal carbonate with an acid.

CO₃²⁻ + 2H⁺ → CO₂ + H₂O.

Write the equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with magnesium oxide.

2HCl(aq) + MgO(s) → MgCl₂(aq) + H₂O(l).

Write the equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid with potassium oxide.

H₂SO₄(aq) + K₂O(s) → K₂SO₄(aq) + H₂O(l).

Write the equation for the reaction of nitric acid with sodium hydroxide.

HNO₃(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaNO₃(aq) + H₂O(l).

Write the equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid with magnesium hydroxide.

H₂SO₄(aq) + Mg(OH)₂(aq) → MgSO₄(aq) + 2H₂O(l).

Write the equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium carbonate.

2HCl(aq) + CaCO₃(s) → CaCl₂(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g).

Write the equation for the reaction of nitric acid with potassium carbonate.

2HNO₃(aq) + K₂CO₃(s) → 2KNO₃(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g).

Write the equation for the reaction of nitric acid with ammonia.

HNO₃(aq) + NH₃(aq) → NH₄NO₃(aq).

Write the equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid with ammonia.

H₂SO₄(aq) + 2NH₃(aq) → (NH₄)₂SO₄(aq).

Write the equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium.

2HCl(aq) + Ca(s) → CaCl₂(aq) + H₂(g).

Write the equation for the reaction of nitric acid with magnesium.

2HNO₃(aq) + Mg(s) → Mg(NO₃)₂(aq) + H₂(g).