monosaccharides

Flashcards covering key vocabulary related to carbohydrates, including their structure, bonding, types, functions, and modifications, based on the provided lecture notes. Concepts include monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin), and carbohydrate modifications like glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Monosaccharides

Basic carbohydrate units with the empirical formula CH2O, forming the building blocks of larger carbohydrates.

Carbohydrate Functional Groups

Hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, which are essential for the structure and function of carbohydrates.

Glycosidic Bonds

Covalent bonds that link two monosaccharides together, forming disaccharides or polysaccharides.

Condensation

A chemical reaction that forms a bond between two molecules by releasing a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction that breaks a bond between two molecules by adding a water molecule.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond.

Maltose

A common disaccharide.

Lactose

A common disaccharide.

Sucrose

A common disaccharide.

Polysaccharides

Large carbohydrates composed of many monosaccharide units linked together.

Starch

A homopolysaccharide made of repeating units of alpha d glucose, serving as stored energy in plants.

Alpha Glucose

A specific isomer of glucose that can be used for energy, making up starch and glycogen.

Amylose

The linear form of starch.

Amylopectin

The branched form of starch.

Glycogen

An extensively branched homopolysaccharide of alpha d glucose, serving as stored energy in animals.

Cellulose

A structural polysaccharide made of repeating units of beta d glucose, found in plant cell walls.

Beta Glucose

A specific isomer of glucose that forms cellulose; most animals are unable to break down its linkages.

Cellulase

An enzyme, produced by bacteria, that is capable of breaking down cellulose.

Chitin

A structural polysaccharide made of repeating units of an amino sugar (containing nitrogen), found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

Amino Sugar

A monosaccharide that has a nitrogen-containing functional group, such as the monomer of chitin.

Glycoprotein

A protein with covalently attached oligosaccharide (sugar) chains, involved in cell recognition and communication, often found in the plasma membrane.

Oligosaccharides

Short chains of sugar units that can be attached to proteins or lipids.

Glycolipid

A lipid with covalently attached oligosaccharide (sugar) chains, involved in cell communication and found in the plasma membrane.

Rough ER

An organelle where newly synthesized proteins can be modified with oligosaccharides (sugars).

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that further modifies and processes proteins, including the addition of oligosaccharides.