BIOL 2160 Exam 4

pathway of air

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, alveoli

what does the conducting zone do?

moves air from the larynx to the lungs

what zone is the air warmed and humidified in?

conducting

what zone is the site of gas exchange?

respiratory

what is the benefit of capillaries being physically attached to the aveoli?

it minimizes the distance the gases have to travel

what part of breathing is an active process?

inhalation

during what part of breathing does the diaphragm contract?

inhalation

how are volume and pressure related?

decreasing volume increases pressure and vise versa (inverse)

if the alveolar pressure increases, what part of breathing happens?

exhalation

if the alveoli pressure of oxygen is 100 and the CO2 pressure is 40, what will the gases do?

oxygen will move into the blood and CO2 will move into the alveoli

what usually happens when you work out?

hypernea

why is it important to have some CO2 in your blood?

it regulates the pH of blood

which muscle fiber is darker in color?

oxidative

low intensity exercises will most likely result in?

increase in oxidative fibers

very high intensity exercises will result in the depletion of what?

ACh

where does the majority of the calcium for smooth muscle contractions come from?

outside the cell

what does calcium immediately bind to in the smooth muscle contraction?

calmodulin

how is myosin inactivated in smooth muscle contraction?

removing the phosphate group from the myosin head

what makes the hemoglobin in RBC so dark?

the 4 iron molecules

what separates the 2 sides of the heart?

septum

which side of the heart supplies the pulmonary circut?

right

which side of the heart supplies the systemic circut?

left

which valve separates the right atria and ventricle?

tricuspid or right AV

which valve separates the left atria and ventricle?

bicuspid/mitral or left AV

when the ventricles are relaxed, what are the AV valves doing?

open

when the ventricles are contracting, what are the AV valves doing?

closed

when the ventricles are contracting, what are the SL valves doing?

open

when the ventricles are relaxed, what are the SL valves doing?

closed

what happens if you have an issue with your mitral valve?

your tissues won’t get enough oxygen

structure of muscle cell from smallest to largest?

filaments, myofibril, muscle fiber , fascicle, muscle body