Day 7) Cladograms & Kingdoms - Life Science 11 - Joanna Peng

Phylogeny

The evolutionary history for a group of species. Phylogeny uses evidence from living species. For example: share homologous structures, fossil records, and molecular data (similarities in DNA).

Phylogenetic trees/cladograms are ALWAYS hypothesis because we don’t know every species that has ever lived.

Phylogenetic trees/Cladograms

A cladogram shows the evolutionary relationship among a group organisms.

What is the difference between phylogeny and a cladogram?

Phylogeny is the actual evolutionary history or relationship among organisms, while cladogram is a diagram that shows a hypothesis of those relationships.

Derived traits

A derived trait is a trait that just evolved in a group or individual species. Organization is based on derived traits.

The more derived traits you share, the more closely related you are.

Node

Nose represents the separation/split off point from a common ancestor. It’s the most recent common ancestor of all the groups descended from that branch point.

Out-group

The out-group shares 0 derived traits with the in-group.

In-group

The in-group represents organisms that share at least one or more derived traits.

Domain Archaea

Domain Archaea are primitive forms of bacteria-like organisms that are single-celled prokaryotes. They are distinct from bacteria because of different reasons, however. They live in extreme environments that humans can never encounter.

Ex. Boiling water

Domain Eubacteria

Bacteria that are single-celled, no nucleus, common bacteria. These causes illness and diseases as they live in everyday environments with humans.

Ex. E. coli.

Domain Eukaryota

This is the domain that encompasses most organisms/living things. They include organisms with cells that have a nucleus, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Kingdom Protista

Eukaryotic unicellular or colonial organism with visible nuclei.

Scientists believe all eukaryotic diversity came from protista, including humans.

Kingdom Fungi

Obtains food by absorbing the decaying remains of other organisms. This is a heterotroph.

Kingdom plantae: nonvascular

Has no vascular tissue so no tubes (no roots, stems, leaves) for transporting nutrients and water. Because of this, they are small and live in moist places; non-vascular plants are low-growing. This is an autotroph.

Ex. Mosses

Kingdom plantae: vascular

They have vascular tissue so they have system of tubes (roots, stems, leaves) for transporting nutrients and water. Because vascular plants can transport materials better, they can grow taller and live in more places. This is an autotroph.

Ex. Ferns, trees, grasses, flowering plants.

Kingdom animalia: invertebrates

An organism that has no backbone. This is a heterotroph.

Ex. Jellyfish, worms, insects, spiders, crabs, snails, octopuses.

Kingdom animalia: vertebrates

Organism that does have a backbone. This is a heterotroph.

Ex. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Viruses

Viruses are infectious particles that can only reproduce by infecting living cells. They are considered non-living particles; NOT organisms or made of cells.