Chapter 12: Advances in Policing: New Technologies for Crime Analysis

Rigel

: Computerized geographic profiling that has statistical analyses, GIS, and management functions to further the process of investigative suggestions.

Tactics

: Methods for addressing the data on crime patterns.

Finger identification systems

: Using fingerprints to help identify a person.

Relevancy

: When two things are closely connected.

Reliability

: When something is consistent and trustworthy.

Biometrics

: Helps identify people quickly based on their characteristics:

Automatic vehicle monitoring

: Enhances officer safety as well as accountability, allows tracking of patrol vehicles, or not a car door has been left open.

Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc (ESRI)

: Creates cutting- edge and useful geographic information systems (GIS) for the public and business sectors.

Closed Circuit Television

: A system of cameras recording actions in both private and public settings for the purpose of security.

Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN)

: Computer- based communication that allows state, federal, and local departments to share information.

CompStat

: This manages performances and reduces crime.

Timeliness

: Things being done at a good time.

Nearness principle

: Criminals will usually commit crimes in the same general area.

Facial recognition software

: Recognizes facial features of a person through videos or CCTV cameras to identify them.

Crime mapping

: Putting crime on a map and identifying the correlation between both crime and location.

Pattern detection

: Ability to find characteristics that are systematic.

Geographic Profiling

: Using geography, psychology, and math to find criminals.

The first stage (1881-1945)

Mobile patrol, radio communications, telephone communications

The second stage (1946-1959)

Traffic violation detection instruments

Third stage (1960-1979)

911, centralized dispatch, civilian specialists, research and development organizations, computer age begins

Fourth stage (1980-present)

Telecommunications advances, mobile data communications, expert systems, imaging, biometrics, GIS

Crime analysis

The analysis of people involved in crimes, particularly repeat offenders, repeat victims, and criminal organizations

Timeliness

Things being done at a good time

Relevancy

When two things are closely connected

Reliability

When something is consistent and trustworthy

Strategic crime analysis

The study of crime in the community as well as problem-solving

Crime Trend forecasting

Predicting crime before it occurs

Tactical crime analysis

Examining data to find patterns and leads for recent criminal activity

Pattern detection

Ability to find characteristics that are systematic

Linkage analysis

Detecting chromosomes in disease genes

Geographic information systems (GIS)

A computer system that analyzes and displays geographically referenced information

Crime mapping

Putting crime on a map and identifying the correlation between both crime and location

Geocoded

Transfering a location such as an address or coordinates into a surface on the earth

Causation

The reason an action happens (cause)

Correlation

The relationship between two variables

CompStat

This manages performances and reduces crime

Pattern Identification Modules (PIMs)

Each borough of New York City has developed groups made up of housing, transportation, patrol, detective, organized crime, and robbery squads to evaluate daily index crime statistics and identify crime clusters or patterns that need to be addressed for CompStat Meetings

Tactics

Methods for addressing the data on crime patterns

Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc (ESRI)

Creates cutting-edge and useful geographic information systems (GIS) for the public and business sectors

Geographic Profiling

Using geography, psychology, and math to find criminals

Nearness principle

Criminals will usually commit crimes in the same general area

Rigel

Computerized geographic profiling that has statistical analyses, GIS, and management functions to further the process of investigative suggestions

Record management systems (RMS)

Manages large amounts of data of a particular organization or offender

Closed Circuit Television

A system of cameras recording actions in both private and public settings for the purpose of security

Global Positioning Systems

Satelite technology that allows us to track patrol cars, stolen vehicles, or even find people

Biometrics

Helps identify people quickly based on their characteristics

Facial recognition software

Recognizes facial features of a person through videos or CCTV cameras to identify them

Finger identification systems

Using fingerprints to help identify a person

Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN)

Computer-based communication that allows state, federal, and local departments to share information

Mobile digital communications

Nonverbal communication between communication centers and patrol

Automatic vehicle monitoring

Enhances officer safety as well as accountability, allows tracking of patrol vehicles, or not a car door has been left open

311 System

Calls that do not require emergency assistance should call here

911 System

Calls that do require immediate emergency service should call here

Advanced Generation of Interoperability for Law Enforcement (AGILE)

Prototype system that improves communication across law enforcement and other criminal justice agencies within a jurisdiction

Automated Regional Justice Information System (ARJIS)

Database that facilitates the sharing of information among San Diego and neighboring criminal justice agencies