NVCC BIO 141 Chapter 1

Define Anatomy

the study of the structure of the body

Define Physiology

study of the function of the body

List the 7 characteristics of life

1. Cellular Composition

2. Metabolism

3. Growth

4. Excretion

5. Responsiveness

6. Movement

7. Reproduction

Describe the 6 Levels of Organization in the Human Body

Chemical

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

Define Gross Anatomy

Looking at structures that can be seen without a microscope

Define Microscopic Anatomy and its types

Histology: study of tissues

Cytology: study of cells

Primary Function of the Integumentary System

protects the body from outside environment

produces vitamin D

retains water

regulates body temp.

Primary Function of the Skeletal System

supports the body

protects internal organs

produces blood cells

leverage for movement

stores calcium salts

Primary Function of the Muscular System

produces movement

controls body openings

generates heats

Primary Function of the Nervous System

regulates body functions

sensations

movement

automatic functions

higher mental functions

Primary Function of the Endocrine System

regulates body functions through secretion of hormones

Primary Function of the Cardiovascular System

pumps oxygen-poor blood to lungs and oxygen-rich blood to tissues

removes wastes from tissues

Primary Function of the Lymphatic System

returns excess tissue fluid to cardiovascular system

provides immunity/protection against disease

Primary Function of the Digestive System

digests food

absorbs nutrients into blood

removes food waste

maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

Primary Function of the Respiratory System

delivers oxygen to blood

removes CO2 from body

maintains acid-base balance of blood

Primary Function of the Urinary System

removes metabolic waste from blood

maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

stimulates blood cell production

Primary Function of the Reproductive System (Male)

produces/transports sperm

secretes hormones

sexual function

Primary Function of the Reproductive System (Female)

produces/transports eggs

secretes hormones

sexual function

site of fetal development, nourishment, childbirth, and lactation

What is the Anatomical Position?

Upright,

feet parallel and shoulder width a part

arms to side

head and palms facing forward

What direction is Anterior?

toward the front

What direction is Posterior?

towards the back

What direction is Superior (Cranial)?

towards the head

What direction is Inferior (Caudal)?

toward the tail

What direction is Proximal?

closer to point of origin

What direction is Distal?

further away from point of origin

What direction is Medial?

closer to midline of body

What direction is Lateral?

further from midline of body

What direction is Superficial?

closer to the surface

What direction is Deep?

further below the surface

Abdominal

the abdomen

Cervical

the neck

Gluteal

the buttocks

Inguinal

the groin (between Pelvic and Pubic)

Lumbar

the lower back

Palmar

the palm of the hand

Pelvic

the pelvis (above Inguinal)

Pubic

the pubis (below Inguinal)

Sacral

the sacrum (tailbone)

Sternal

the sternum (middle of chest)

Thoracic

the chest

Vertebral

the spinal column

Buccal

the cheek

Cranial

the skull

Cephalic

the head

Frontal

the forehead

Mental

the chin

Nasal

the nose

Occipital

the back of the head

Ocular

the eye

Oral

the mouth

Otic

the ear

Acromial

the point of shoulder

Antebrachial

the forearm

Antecubital

the anterior surface of the elbow

Axillary

the armpit

Brachial

the upper arm

Carpal

the wrist

Digital

the fingers or toes

Manual

the hand

Metacarpal

the bones of the hand

Pollex

the thumb

Coxal

the hip

Crural

the anterior surface of lower leg

Femoral

the thigh

Hallux

the big toe

Metatarsal

the bones of the foot

Patellar

the front of the knee

Pedal

the foot

Plantar

the sole of the foot

Popliteal

the back of the knee

Sural

the back of the calf

Tarsal

the ankle

Describe the Frontal Plane

divides body into anterior and posterior

Describe the Midsagittal Plane

divides body into equal left and right parts

Describe the Parasagittal Plane

divides body into unequal left and right parts

Describe the Transverse Plane

divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts (cross-section)

Define a Body Cavity

any space within the body that protects internal organs and can expand as necessary

What are the two main types of body cavities?

Posterior and Anterior

What are the sub cavities of the Posterior Cavity? And what do they house?

Cranial - brain

Spinal/Vertebral - Vertebral Column

What are the sub cavities of the Anterior Cavity?

Thoracic

Diaphragm

Abdominopelvic

What are the sub cavities of the Thoracic Cavity? And what organs do they house?

Pleural: lungs

Mediastinum: between Pleural (heart, trachea, esophagus)

Pericardial: heart

What are the sub cavities of the Abdominopelvic Cavity? And what organs do they house?

Abdominal: diaphragm to pelvis (digestive, lymphatic, urinary systems)

Pelvic: Bony Pelvis (reproductive, digestive, urinary systems)

Peritoneal: some organs

Identify the four abdominopelvic quadrants

(left to right, top to bottom)

Right Upper Quad

Left Upper Quad

Right Lower Quad

Left Lower Quad

Identify the Nine Abdominopelvic Regions

(left to right, top to bottom)

Right Hypochondriac/Epigastric/Left Hypochondriac

Right Lumbar/Umbilical/Left Lumbar

Right Iliac/Hypogastric/Left Iliac

Describe the Different Layers of a serous membrane and function

Visceral: touches organ

Serous Fluid: lubricant

Parietal: touches outer structures

List the three main serous membranes and the organs lined by them.

Pericardium: heart

Pleural: lungs

Peritoneal: abdominal organs

Define Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment

Explain how homeostasis is maintained using the five components of the feedback loop.

Stimulus (variable out of range)

Receptor (detects changes sends signal)

Control Center (determines if out of range send signal)

Effector/Response (causes response to return variable to normal)

Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback mechanisms

Negative: changes away from the current stimulus

Positive: accelerates effector's activity

Define gradient and list examples of different types of gradient

Gradient: more on one thing in one area than another

(temp/concentration/pressure)

List two major methods used in cell communication

Electrical and Chemical