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Unicameral

A single unit legislative system.

Bicameral

A legislative system consisting of two units, an upper and a lower body of parliament.

Cabinet Coalition

A body of advisors formed when politicians from different parties cooperate in administration.

Coinciding/Cross Cutting Cleavages

Social divisions where two groups often agree on different issues.

Conflictual Political Culture

A culture conflicted on the legitimacy of the regime and its solutions to major problems.

Consensual Political Culture

A culture where citizens agree mainly on how decisions are made, despite disagreements on problem-solving.

Co-optation

The means a regime uses to gain support.

Corporatism

Control of a state or organization by large interest groups.

Cosmopolitanism

The concept that all of humanity can belong under one system.

Democratic Consolidation

The process by which a new democracy matures, often triggered by events like military defeat or economic crisis.

Democratic Corporatism

A form of corporatism where interest groups are institutionalized and participation is legal and binding.

Elites

A small group of people who hold power.

First-Past-The-Post

An election system where the candidate with the most votes wins, without needing a majority.

Freedom House Ratings

A ranking system on civil liberty with results of “not free,” “partly free,” and “free.”

Illiberal Democracies

Democracies that hold elections but do not protect civil liberties.

Indications of Democratization

Free and fair elections, establishment of the rule of law, and an active civil society.

Initiative

A process allowing citizens to propose laws or policies through petition followed by a referendum.

Integration

The process of different entities coming together to form a more unified political or economic entity.

Legitimacy

Citizens' recognition of a regime's right to rule, categorized into traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal legitimacy.

Liberalism

A political ideology emphasizing political and economic freedom and the right to disagree with the government.

Linkage Institutions

Structures that connect people with political parties, interest groups, and media.

Mixed Electoral System

A system combining proportional representation and first-past-the-post to achieve balance.

Multi-Member Districts

Electoral districts that elect more than one representative.

Single-Member Districts

Electoral districts that elect only one representative.

Parliamentary System

A system where the executive and legislative branches are fused together.

Party System

The structure of political parties in a system, such as two-party, multiparty, or dominant party systems.

Patron-Client System

A system where specific benefits or favors are provided in exchange for public support.

Plebiscite

A direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal.

Pluralism

A theory where power is split among many groups that can influence government decisions.

Political Culture

The set of attitudes, beliefs, and values shaping a society's behavior and understanding of governance.

Political Elites

A small group of people who exercise disproportionate power in governance.

Political Frameworks

The structures, systems, and institutions defining the organization and functioning of government.

Political Liberalization

The transition from procedural democracy to substantive democracy.

Political Socialization

The process by which individuals learn and grasp political values.

Procedural Democracy

A form of democracy emphasizing procedures over civil liberties and rights.

Reactionary Beliefs

Political views favoring a return to "the good old days" and opposing current political changes.

Recruitment of Elites

The process of bringing individuals to power and influence.

Revolution of Rising Expectations

A situation where people expect rapid improvements in their lives, leading to unrest if unmet.

Rule of Law

The principle that all individuals are subject to and accountable under the law.

Samuel Huntington’s “Clash of Civilizations”

A theory suggesting conflicts arise from cultural and religious differences rather than ideological or economic factors.

Semi-Presidential System

A system where a prime minister and president coexist, with varying levels of importance.

Social Boundaries

Divisions within society based on race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.

Social Capital

Networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate mutual benefits in society.

Social Cleavages

Divisions based on race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status affecting political alignment.

Societal Corporatism

A system where interest groups are voluntarily organized and play a central role in policymaking.

State Corporatism

A system where the state controls interest groups and their activities.

Substantive Democracy

A type of democracy that emphasizes protecting civil rights and liberties beyond

bureaucratic authoritarian regimes

regimes led by bureaucrats or technocrats that prioritize econ efficiency and control often at the expense of democracy

economic liberalization

deregulation->privatization->reduce trade barriers

political efficacy

belief that one’s participation in politics make a diff and that the gov is responsible to citizen input