test
bicameral, unicameral legislatures:
unicameral = single unit legislative system
bicameral = two units consisting of upper and lower body of parliament
cabinet coalition
body of advisors when politicians of diff parties choose to cooperate in the administration
coinciding/cross cutting cleavages
social divisions where two groups often agree with each other on diff issues
conflictual political culture
conflicted on legitimacy of regime and its solutions to major problems
consensual political culture
citizens agree mainly how decisions are made even though they may disagree on how to solve problems
co-optation
the means a regime uses to gain support
corporatism
the control of a state or organization by large interest groups
cosmopolitanism
concept that all of humanity can belong under one system
democratic consolidation
the process by which a new democracy matures
often a result of “trigger event” such as a military defeat of econ crisis
made possible by elites allowing sharing of power
democratic corporatism
form of corporatism where interest groups r institutionalized
participation is legal and binding
elites
small group of ppl who hold power
first-past-the-post (plurality, winner-take-all)
an election system where it doesn’t take the majority to win, just win the most votes
Freedom House ratings
ranking system on civil liberty
1 of 3 results: “not free”, “partly free”, and “not free”
illiberal democracies
democracies that hold elections but not the core principles
don’t protect civil liberty
indications of democratization
free and fair elections
establishment of the rule of law
active civil society
initiative
a process in which citizens can propose laws/policies through petition followed by a referendum
integration
process in which diff entities, such as countries or regions, come tgt to form a more unified political or economic entity
legitimacy (traditional, charismatic, rational-legal)
citizens recognize a regime’s right to rule = seen as legitimate
1. traditional legitimacy: royal inheritance (ex: the Incas)
2. charismatic legitimacy: personality and military talent (ex: Napoleon)
3. rational-legal legitimacy: institutionalized laws
liberalism as a political ideology
emphasis on political and economic freedom
citizens have right to disagree w gov
liberalism as an approach to economic and political change
a strategy of reform through democratic processes
linkage institutions
structures within a society that connects ppl with political parties, interest groups, and media
mixed electoral system
proportional representation + first-past-the-post → aim to achieve balance
multi-member districts, single-member districts
MMD: electoral districts that elect more than one rep
SMD: elect only one rep
parliamentary system
no separation of power: executive and legislative branch can be seen as one that is fused tgt
separation of executive branch: queen (more symbolic) and prime minister (main one running the gov)
party system
e.g. two-party, multiparty, dominant party
patronage??
patron-client system
provide specific benefits/favor in exchange for public support
plebiscite
a theory or system of governance that multiple interest groups exists that influence gov’s decisions
pluralism
power is split among many groups that can influence the gov’s decision
i.e. religion plurality
formation of interest group is spontaneous
political culture
the set of attitudes, beliefs, and values that shape a society’s behavior and understanding of governance
political elites
a small group of ppl who exercise disproportionate power
political frameworks
the structures, systems, and institutions that define the organization and functioning gov
political liberalization
transition from procedural democracy→substantive democracy
political socialization
the process by which indiv learn, grasp political values
procedural democracy
a form of democracy that emphasizes the procedure but not civil liberty and rights
reactionary beliefs
political views that like the “good old days”
often opposing the current political changes
recruitment of elites
the process in which indiv r brought to power and gain influence
revolution of rising expectations
a situation where ppl expect rapid improvements in their life which can lead to unrest if expectations r not met
rule of law
principle that all indiv r subject to and accountable under the law
Samuel Huntington’s “clash of civilizations”
a theory that suggests conflicts r more likely a result of cultural and religious diff rather than ideological or econ factors
semi-presidential system
prime minister and president coexist
e.g. Russia, France, India
role of president is typically more impt until Putin took prime minister role
after Putin got reelected as president in 2012, president role returns to its level of impt
social boundaries
divisions within the society based on race, ethnicity, or socioecon status
social capital
networks, norms, and social trust that allow mutual benefits in the society
social cleavages
divisions based on diff race, ethnicities, and/or socioecon status that can affect political alignment
societal corporatism (neo-corporatism)
interest groups r voluntarily organized and play a central role in policy making
state corporatism
state has control over
subject activities
activities citizens carry out to comply w gov
e.g. paying taxes
substantive democracy
a type of democracy that goes beyond procedures but also care abt protecting civil rights and liberty
succession
process in which power is transferred from one leader to another
“third wave” of democratization
a wave of transition to democracy in the 1970s
three-world approach
(1) US and allies (2) Soviet and allies (3) “third world” nations that does not fit in the first two categories
problem in recent yrs is that the world no longer consists of three worlds and two superpowers
“transmission belt”
org or institutions that act as intermediaries between the state and the public
unitary systems
political system where central gov holds all power, with no subnational orgs