BIOL160: Human Genetics and Society Final Exam Study Guide

These flashcards cover essential terms and concepts from Human Genetics and Society, suitable for exam preparation.

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

Phenotype refers to the observable traits of an organism, while genotype refers to the genetic makeup.

What are the two main types of mutations?

The two main types of mutations are point mutations and frameshift mutations.

What does a Punnett square illustrate?

A Punnett square is used to predict the genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.

What is the definition of microevolution?

Microevolution refers to small-scale evolutionary changes within a species.

How does incomplete dominance differ from codominance?

Incomplete dominance results in a blending of traits, while codominance results in both traits being fully expressed.

What is an allele?

An allele is a variant form of a gene.

What are the stages of mitosis?

The stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

What is genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

What is the significance of phenotype frequency?

Phenotype frequency measures how common a certain trait is within a population.

What is the role of pathogens?

Pathogens are organisms that cause disease.

What is a nonsense mutation?

A nonsense mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that results in an early stop codon.

What are the advantages of selective breeding?

Selective breeding can enhance desirable traits in organisms.

What does it mean for a trait to be sex-linked?

A sex-linked trait is one that is associated with a gene that is carried only by the male or female parent.

What is the outcome of cancer metastasis?

Cancer metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to other parts of the body.

What are the phases of meiosis?

The phases of meiosis are Meiosis I and Meiosis II, which include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase for each.

How do you transcribe DNA to mRNA?

Transcription involves using a DNA template to synthesize mRNA by replacing thymine (T) with uracil (U).

What does codominance mean in genetics?

Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed.

What is the definition of genomics?

Genomics is the study of the complete set of genes (genome) in an organism.

How do dominant disorders typically present?

Dominant disorders often present in individuals who have just one copy of the mutated gene.