Science 8 Immune System

What does the white blood cell do?

They help to fight infections by making antibodies.

What does the antibody do?

Antibodies destroy specific disease -causing invaders.

What are the main jobs of the immune system?

To protect the body from diseases and help with repairing the body.

What are 2 diseases/disorders that affect the immune system?

AIDS and allergies.

If someone has serious allergies, what is an emergency treatment that is used to help them?

The epipen.

If you've been sick with the flu, why can't you get that flu again?

Because your immune system has the memory of how to fight that flu.

In the analogy of Superman battling the Joker, what part of the immune system is being demonstrated?

The second line of defence.

What causes AIDS?

The virus HIV.

What's one serious symptom of anaphylaxis?

Trouble breathing.

Name 3 viruses

HIV, the smallpox virus, and the cowpox virus.

Name 2 types of bacteria

Salmonella and E. coli

Name the 4 transmission methods

Indirect contact, direct contact, food and drinks, and animal bites.

Name an example of indirect contact

Sneezing

Name an example of direct contact

Shaking hands

Name an example of passing diseases through food or drinks

Sharing a cup with someone infected.

Name an example of passing diseases through animal bites

Being bitten by an animal with rabies.

What materials were needed for the "Pass It On" lab?

Beakers, phenolphthalein, a base, medicine droppers, and water

What does the first line of defence consist of?

The skin, nose hairs, cilia, mucous, and stomach acid.

What 2 things on your skin prevent some pathogens from growing on the surface of your body?

Sweat and oil.

Sweat and oil is slightly what?

Acidic

Acidic gastric juice is secreted from the lining of what?

The stomach

What 2 things that line your nose prevent pathogens from entering your respiratory system?

The mucous and cilia.

What is the immune system's second line of defence?

White blood cells, engulfing cells, inflammation, and fever.

How many types of immune responses are there?

2

What are the types of immune responses?

Acquired and Immune

The innate immune response to invading pathogens is what?

Quick and general

Innate responses are usually mounted against what?

Invading bacteria and some viruses, such as the common cold virus.

What is the first action in the innate immune response?

A flow of fluid, cells and dissolved substances from the blood to the site of infection.

The first action in the innate immune response causes what?

Fever and inflammation in the area.

Inflamed tonsils probably became infected by a what?

Bacterium or virus

Along with inflammation from the first action in the innate immune response there is an increase in types of white blood cells called what?

Phagocytes

What is the phagocytes' role?

To fight infection.

Phagocytes roam the body doing what?

Searching for invader cells and swallowing them.

What is the acquired immune response?

A highly specific attack on a particular pathogen or antigen.

What is an antigen?

Any non-living particle or substance the body can't recognize, from a virus to a splinter.

What is a pathogen?

A disease-causing organism or substance.

How many ways are there to mount an acquired immune response?

2

What 2 types of white blood cells are involved with mounting an acquired immune response?

B cells and T cells

Acquired immune responses can take up to how long to develop?

A week

What recognizes antigens present in the body?

B cells

What do B cells produce to fight antigens?

Antibiotic

Antibodies can attach and destroy what 2 things carrying antigens?

Antigens and pathogens

The second process in an acquired immune response begins when an antigen or pathogen is inside a what?

Body cell

When an antigen or pathogen is inside a body cell, a white blood cell recognizes the antigen or pathogen and signals for new cells called what?

T cells

What do helper T cells do?

They recognize the presence of an antigen or pathogen and activate B cells.

What is immunity?

When some antibodies remain in the body to protect against future infections.

What do killer T cells do?

They can work independently and directly destroy antigens or pathogens.

All acquired immune responses help give you what?

Active immunity

What is active immunity?

When your body remembers which antibodies should be used to attack a pathogen that has infected it before.

After a first infection, your body stores some of the newly produced antibodies on what?

Memory B cells

Memory B cells can be reactivated if the antigen or pathogen does what?

Reappears

A vaccination is the process of receiving a what?

Vaccine

What is a vaccine?

A special version of an antigen that gives you immunity against a disease.

A vaccine is a what kind of form of a disease?

Weakened

Vaccines are usually given by what 2 forms?

Needle or liquid

Vaccines work by stimulating your immune system to create what against the disease?

Antibodies

Some vaccines require a what every 10 years?

Booster shot

Booster shots boost antibody what?

Production

Booster shots extend the immune system's what for that antigen?

Memory

What is an allergy?

An unusually high sensitivity to some substance.

What is an allergen?

Any substance that causes an allergic reaction.

What are common symptoms of an allergy?

A runny nose and watery eyes.

Allergy symptoms result from a side effect of a substance called what?

Histamine

Some people need to take what drugs for allergies?

Antihistamine

Severe allergic reactions are called what?

Anaphylactic shock

What can anaphylactic shock result in?

Swelling, breathing difficulties, and sometimes death.

One-time-use needles that inject adrenaline into the body are called what?

Adrenaline auto-injectors

Where is the best place to use an auto-injector?

The thigh

How can HIV destroy the immune system?

By infecting helper T cells. What

A person infected with HIV may live an average of how many more years?

4-10

What does AIDS stand for?

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

What does HIV stand for?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Anyone can get HIV if they participate in what?

Unprotected sex and sharing needles

AIDS is mostly found in...

Africa and third world countries