Chem 105 exam 1

what is an organic compound?

a carbon-based compound, usually with covalent bonds, low boiling points, and flammable

what’s the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

organic compounds = carbon-based, covalent

inorganic= metal-containing, ionic

what are the three main types of hydrocarbons?

alkanes (single bonds), alkenes (double bonds), alkynes (triple bonds)

what is the general formula for alkanes?

CnH2n+2

what type of bond is found in an alkyne?

a carbon-carbon triple bond

what does “cyclic” mean in organic chemistry?

a hydrocarbon ring structure

what is a line-angle formula?

a shorthand structure where each end or bend is a carbon

how do you name a simple alkane?

count the longest carbon chain and use a prefix + “-ane” (ex. butane)

what are structural isomers?

compounds with the same molecular formula but different connectivity

which has a higher boiling point: straight-chain or branched alkane?

straight-chain

are alkanes soluble in water?

no they are nonpolar

what are the products of combustion of a hydrocarbon?

CO2 and H2O

what’s required for hydrogenation of an alkene?

H2 gas and a metal catalyst (like Pt or Ni)

what happens during hydration of an alkene?

water is added, forming an alcohol (requires acid catalyst)

what is polymerization?

joining many monomers (like alkenes) into a long chain polymer

what’s the difference between cis- and trans- alkenes?

cis + same side of double bond

trans + opposite sides

what is the functional group of an alcohol?

-OH (hydroxyl)

what is the functional group of a thiol?

-SH (sulfhydryl)

what is the functional group of an ether?

R-O-R

what is the IUPAC name for CH3CH2OH?

ethanol

what is the common name for CH3CH2OCH3?

ethyl methyl ether

what suffix is used for naming thiols?

“-thiol”

what makes an alcohol primary (1°)?

the OH group is on a carbon attached to only one other carbon

what makes an alcohol secondary (2°)?

the OH group is on a carbon attached to two other carbons

what makes an alcohol tertiary (3°)?

the OH group is on a carbon attached to three other carbons

why do alcohols have higher boiling points then ethers?

alcohols for hydrogen bonds; ethers do not

are short-chain alcohols water soluble?

yes, due to hydrogen bonding

are ethers polar?

slightly, but they do not form H-bonds with each other

why are phenols slightly acidic?

the phenoxide ion is stabilized by resonance

what’s a common characteristic of thiols?

strong, unpleasant smell (like skunk or garlic)

what happens during dehydration of an alcohol?

it loses water to form an alkene (requires acid and heat)

what is the product of oxidizing a primary alcohol?

aldehyde → carboxylic

what is the product of oxidizing a secondary?

ketone

what is formed when two thiols oxidize?

a disulfide bond (R-S-S-R)