APUSH Exam Review - TP 3 (REVOLUTION)

1754-1800; includes British policies, revolutionary war, the foundation of American government; George Washington through John Adams

What is the span of the “Revolution period” (TP3)?

1754 (French and Indian War) - 1800 (Revolution of 1800)

French and Indian War

Last colonial war between England and France for land; started because the British wanted to kick the French out of Pennsylvania

Washington tried to attack French, but had to retreat.

They were Indians on both sides, but mostly French, but the British one and most of French America was ceded to the British

Pontiac’s Rebellion

The attack on British forts because France did not consult them before seating the territory

Inspired by a native prophet, who believed that native should break ties with the British

Proclamation of 1763

A royal proclamation that prevented settlement west of the Appalachian mountains because of Indian conflict; it also banned the sale of native lands

The colonists resented it

Albany Plan of Union

A proposal to unite Northern colonies under a royally appointed president against the French

It was rejected, but remained a predecessor to modern democracy

Virtual Representation

The idea that American colonies deserved a virtual representation in Parliament

Sons of Liberty

Radical group formed by Samuel Adams and John Hancock to resist the British in response to the stamp act

Boston Massacre

Between crowd with snowballs and British soldiers with guns

Five ended up dying, including Crispus Attucks

Paul Revere dramatized the event in his painting

March 5, 1770

Boston Tea Party

Sons of liberty dressed as Indians through 300+ crates of tea into the ocean at Boston Harbor leading to the intolerable act

December of 1773

First Continental Congress

Colonial representatives met in Philadelphia in 1774 to plan against British policies and was attended by future leaders

Writs of assistance

General search warrant that allowed customs officials to search anywhere they chose for smuggled goods

1763

Sugar Act

1764

Reduce the existing tax on molasses important into North America, but established ways to and smuggling by colonial merchants, which was widespread by strengthening the admiralty courts that could try without jury

Currency Act

reaffirmed the earlier ban on colonies issuing their own paper money as legal tender

1764

Quatering Act

Required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British shoulders stationed in the colonies

1765

Stamp Act

Required all printed material like newspapers, books, court documents, land deeds, almanacs, playing cards and commercial papers to carry a stamp purchased from the authorities

Raised money directly from the colonies instead of regulating trade

1765

Declaratory Act

Repealed the stamp act but rejected Americans claims that only their elective representatives could levy taxes. It asserted Parliament right to past laws and taxes that applied to the colonists.

1766

Townshend Acts

A new set of taxes imposed on the Americans that taxed tea, glass and paper imported to the colonies. It also created a new board of customs commissioners that would collect the taxes and suppress smuggling.

1767

Tea Act

A series of rebates and tax exemptions issued to the British East India company, then enabled it to dump low price tea on the American market, undercutting established merchants and smugglers

1773

Intolerable Acts a.k.a. coercive acts

Closed the port of Boston to all trade as a response to the Boston tea party. It also restricted town meetings, increase the power of the governor and expanded the quartering act.

Included Quebec act which extended the southern boundary of the Canadian province to the Ohio river and granted toleration to the Roman Catholic Church there, which put Ohio land claims into question and made it look like Parliament was trying to strengthen Catholicism

1773 - 74

Second Continental Congress

Convened in May 1775

-authorized the raising of a continental army, printed money to pay for it and appointed George Washington as it’s Commander

Lexington and Concord

British soldiers marched from Boston to Concord

Bostonians warned locals and gathered militia men,

- the first shots fired in the revolutionary war

-known as the shots heard around the world

Bunker Hill

First major battle of the war, where the British forced the colonist to give up Breeds Hill

Both side sides had many casualties

Loyalist vs Patriots

Loyalists were loyal to the king of Great Britain

Patriot supported the cause of independence

Saratoga

Turning point of the war

Americans defeated John Burgoyne and his troops in Saratoga New York on October 17, 1777

Boosted American morale

Valley Forge

American encampment during a horrible winter

Many died because of unchecked disease like influenza and typhoid

More deadly than most battles

Yorktown

Last battle of the war

General Lord Charles Cornwallis surrendered in Virginia on October 17, 1781

Republican Motherhood

Ideology that task woman with cultivating republican virtues within their children, especially sons

Elevated woman’s status and gave them better education

Articles of Confederation (definition and weaknesses)

First outline of government and a priest cursor to the constitution from 1781 to 1788. Included a week, central authority, and very little government control.

WEAKNESSES:

Unable to levy taxes in order to pay debts and loans from the war

Could not control trade (more imports than exports)

Unable to enforce laws

Had no military influence

Only one branch that was decentralized

Couldn’t protect property rates

Northwest Ordinance

Created Northwest territory and established conditions for self government in the Ohio area

eventually led to statehood

prohibited slavery

Shay’s Rebellion

A Massachusetts farmer and friends wanted paper currency and lower taxes

Targeted state courts that did not prevent farm foreclosures

Highlighted the weaknesses of the article to confederation

Constitutional Convention

A meeting in Philadelphia to revise the article articles of confederation and eventually created the new constitution

Attended by representatives from every colony, except Rhode Island, including major leaders and founding fathers

Included many compromises

Virginia vs New Jersey Plan

Virginia suggested a two house legislature and a strong central government

New Jersey contributed a plan for a single body with equal representation

Great Compromise

Combined the two plans to created a bicameral Congress with equal state representation in the Senate and population based representation in the House of Representatives

Federalism

System of government where power is separated between central government and state government, also known as the division of powers

3/5 compromise

Part of the constitution that said that 3/5 of the slave population would be used in determining representation in the House of Representatives and votes for president

made to satisfy the big states with large slave populations in the small states with small slave populations

Federalist papers

85 essays written by John J, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton in support of the constitution and published in the book the Federalist

Advertised that the constitution would protect liberties

Anti-Federalists

People who thought the constitution was a limitation on rights and demanded a bill of rights

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments created in 1791 which guaranteed individual rights protect protection from infringement

Gradual emancipation

Ask pass to graduate free slaves

They were freed after a certain age or years of “apprenticeships”

Hamilton’s financial plan

1 Established credit by purchasing lands (federal government pays off debt)

2 new national debt, where the old debts were replaced by bonds

3 create the Bank of America with a uniform currency that could make loans and collect taxes

4 tax whiskey to gain profit

5 impose tariffs, and build factories

Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain (Compromise of 1790)

Jefferson would accept Hamilton‘s plan in exchange for the capital to be moved to the Potomac River (from NY to DC)

Jay Treaty

A treaty with Britain that ceded forts in the northwest territories and led to opposing political parties

Pinckney Treaty

A treaty with Spain that agreed to open the lower Mississippi river and New Orleans to American trade so they could transfer cargoes in New Orleans without paying duties to the Spanish government. Spain also accepted the border of Florida where the US claimed (the 31st parallel)

Whiskey Rebellion

Pennsylvania farmers protested against the tax on whiskey

Washington and his men went out and quickly squashed the rebellion using force

Federalist Party

Favored a strong central government

Led by George Washington and included Adams and Hamilton

Supported by merchants, farmers and lawyers, in addition to political leaders

Had elite views

Democratic-Republican Party

Democratic self-government

Criticize social inequality and was more accepting of expanded political participation

Washington’s farewell address

Defended administration and warned against party division and advised neutrality

Election of 1796

John Adams and Thomas Pinckney against Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

Adams won with Jefferson as vice president

XYZ affair

French foreign ministers agents demanded payments to stop French plundering American ships

America refused and led to an undeclared sea war in 1797 into 1798

Alien and Sedition Acts

During the undeclared sea war with France atoms, limited the rights of non-citizens

The alien act allowed deportation of “dangerous”immigrants

The sedition act authorized the prosecution of anyone who criticize the government

Election (Revolution) of 1800

Jefferson beat Adams, but tied with Aaron Burr with 73 electoral votes each

The election came down to the House of Representatives, which was heavily influenced by Alexander Hamilton

Though Hamilton did not like Jefferson, he knew that Jefferson wouldn’t affect the federal system so that’s who he voted for (this eventually led to the duel that killed Hamilton)

Precedents under Washington

Federal court system

Hamilton’s financial system which included the national bank

Neutrality

Two terms

No parties

Precedents under Adams

Federalist versus democratic Republicans

Avoided war in the XYZ affair and maintain the diplomatic relationship with France

Alien and sedition act which restricted rights